From e48c08816614e697f861ae6aadefebec9b0d75ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Date: Tue, 30 Jul 2024 01:20:37 +0000
Subject: [PATCH] site deploy

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : e98dafaa289e14cb18a29f206664695eb688089d
Branch  : md-outputs
Author  : GitHub Actions <actions@github.com>
Time    : 2024-07-09 01:18:26 +0000
Message : markdown source builds

Auto-generated via {sandpaper}
Source  : e32a652a98a253bf3ade370bf4590540f3482eb2
Branch  : main
Author  : Cody Hennesy <codyhennesy@gmail.com>
Time    : 2024-06-20 18:08:45 +0000
Message : Merge pull request #4 from umn-dash/change_intro

replace with alex intro
---
 06-data-subsetting.html            | 18 +++----
 07b-control-flow.html              |  2 +-
 08-plot-ggplot2.html               | 14 +++---
 09-vectorization.html              | 10 ++--
 10-functions.html                  |  2 +-
 11-writing-data.html               |  2 +-
 13b-dplyr.html                     |  2 +-
 14-knitr-markdown.html             |  2 +-
 14b-tidyr.html                     | 12 ++---
 15-wrap-up.html                    |  2 +-
 404.html                           |  4 +-
 CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html               |  2 +-
 LICENSE.html                       |  2 +-
 aio.html                           | 76 +++++++++++++++---------------
 discuss.html                       |  2 +-
 images.html                        |  4 +-
 index.html                         |  4 +-
 instructor-notes.html              |  4 +-
 instructor/06-data-subsetting.html | 18 +++----
 instructor/07b-control-flow.html   |  2 +-
 instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html    | 14 +++---
 instructor/09-vectorization.html   | 10 ++--
 instructor/10-functions.html       |  2 +-
 instructor/11-writing-data.html    |  2 +-
 instructor/13b-dplyr.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html  |  2 +-
 instructor/14b-tidyr.html          | 12 ++---
 instructor/15-wrap-up.html         |  2 +-
 instructor/404.html                |  4 +-
 instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html    |  2 +-
 instructor/LICENSE.html            |  2 +-
 instructor/aio.html                | 76 +++++++++++++++---------------
 instructor/discuss.html            |  2 +-
 instructor/images.html             |  4 +-
 instructor/index.html              |  4 +-
 instructor/instructor-notes.html   |  4 +-
 instructor/key-points.html         |  4 +-
 instructor/profiles.html           |  4 +-
 instructor/reference.html          |  2 +-
 instructor/welcome-to-r.html       | 28 +++++------
 key-points.html                    |  4 +-
 pkgdown.yml                        |  2 +-
 profiles.html                      |  4 +-
 reference.html                     |  2 +-
 welcome-to-r.html                  | 28 +++++------
 45 files changed, 203 insertions(+), 203 deletions(-)

diff --git a/06-data-subsetting.html b/06-data-subsetting.html
index e415b8354..3ffa975eb 100644
--- a/06-data-subsetting.html
+++ b/06-data-subsetting.html
@@ -708,7 +708,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -897,7 +897,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1152,7 +1152,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
 <code>countries==seAsia</code>. This gives a warning
@@ -1435,7 +1435,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -1582,7 +1582,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1648,7 +1648,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1804,7 +1804,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract observations collected for the year 1957</li>
@@ -1878,7 +1878,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
 on two dimensions. <code>gapminder[1:20, ]</code> subsets the data to
@@ -1971,7 +1971,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/06-data-subsetting.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/07b-control-flow.html b/07b-control-flow.html
index 9eb841423..8bf0be927 100644
--- a/07b-control-flow.html
+++ b/07b-control-flow.html
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/07b-control-flow.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
index fcc58a023..4dc01d350 100644
--- a/08-plot-ggplot2.html
+++ b/08-plot-ggplot2.html
@@ -508,7 +508,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -660,7 +660,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -829,7 +829,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/08-plot-ggplot2.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/09-vectorization.html b/09-vectorization.html
index eda4128f6..cd0ff899a 100644
--- a/09-vectorization.html
+++ b/09-vectorization.html
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/09-vectorization.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/10-functions.html b/10-functions.html
index 54f2187e0..8ae665c10 100644
--- a/10-functions.html
+++ b/10-functions.html
@@ -1201,7 +1201,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/10-functions.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/11-writing-data.html b/11-writing-data.html
index f97e81e93..1e32376f9 100644
--- a/11-writing-data.html
+++ b/11-writing-data.html
@@ -667,7 +667,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/11-writing-data.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/13b-dplyr.html b/13b-dplyr.html
index 1df0f5c36..c09ca22a7 100644
--- a/13b-dplyr.html
+++ b/13b-dplyr.html
@@ -1548,7 +1548,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/13b-dplyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14-knitr-markdown.html b/14-knitr-markdown.html
index 215e60e06..133fff9be 100644
--- a/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/14-knitr-markdown.html
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14-knitr-markdown.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/14b-tidyr.html b/14b-tidyr.html
index 807bdd8fb..69e83ac9e 100644
--- a/14b-tidyr.html
+++ b/14b-tidyr.html
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>With the data in “wide” format, using <code>mutate()</code> to
 calculate “points per rebound” for each team would be easy because the
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Sorry, this is <em>sort of</em> a trick question because the right
 answer is “both” (or “neither”).</p>
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>It used the names of the old columns, the ones we got rid of! It
 figures if those names were good enough to serve as column names in the
@@ -835,7 +835,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This task is thankfully <em>relatively</em> easy. We tell R that it
 should pull the names for the new columns in our wider table from the
@@ -898,7 +898,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how we’d use <code>pivot_longer()</code> to “rewind” to our
 original data set:</p>
@@ -1019,7 +1019,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/14b-tidyr.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/15-wrap-up.html b/15-wrap-up.html
index 7c18ca15a..ee0896fb4 100644
--- a/15-wrap-up.html
+++ b/15-wrap-up.html
@@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/15-wrap-up.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/404.html b/404.html
index b7aa6e36d..90795fdc6 100644
--- a/404.html
+++ b/404.html
@@ -420,8 +420,8 @@ <h1>Page not found</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/404.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 18a3f09c3..7d93c604c 100644
--- a/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ <h1>Contributor Code of Conduct</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/LICENSE.html b/LICENSE.html
index fc43d57f8..5339a320b 100644
--- a/LICENSE.html
+++ b/LICENSE.html
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/aio.html b/aio.html
index 66321172b..a0be30c22 100644
--- a/aio.html
+++ b/aio.html
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Nothing new happens, hopefully! We should get <code>5</code> again
 both times.</p>
@@ -762,7 +762,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the first case, you’ll get <code>25</code> (and not 17, as you
 might or might not have expected!). That’s because parentheses are R’s
@@ -956,7 +956,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>R will show your command, but it won’t produce any <em>output</em>.
 That is because <code>#</code> is R’s <strong>comment operator</strong>.
@@ -1507,7 +1507,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>There are no “right answers” here. Instead, I’ll give you a couple of
 rules from my own personal naming convention.</p>
@@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>As we have seen, <u>R thinks unquoted text must be an object
 name</u>. So, to make it clear to R that we are writing a chunk of text
@@ -1646,7 +1646,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By putting quotes around <code>7</code> in the second command, we
 have told R that <code>7</code> is really text, not a number. R knows it
@@ -1734,7 +1734,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>log()</code> takes the logarithm of a number:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
@@ -2058,7 +2058,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><u>Vectors and matrices in R can only hold values of a single
 Type</u>. If we try to put multiple value types into one object, R will
@@ -2257,7 +2257,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2349,7 +2349,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, note that the above command is the same as this one:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb87">
@@ -2730,7 +2730,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When we provide a vector as an input to <code>rep()</code>, we repeat
 the whole vector:</p>
@@ -2852,7 +2852,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, let’s see the answers we receive:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
@@ -3062,7 +3062,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how you’d do this. First, you’d use
 <code>install.packages()</code> to download and install each package. We
@@ -3671,7 +3671,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3868,7 +3868,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4126,7 +4126,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -4422,7 +4422,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -4571,7 +4571,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4637,7 +4637,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
@@ -4891,7 +4891,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
@@ -5869,7 +5869,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -5911,7 +5911,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -6025,7 +6025,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -6153,7 +6153,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -6198,7 +6198,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -6361,7 +6361,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -6525,7 +6525,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -6577,7 +6577,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -6757,7 +6757,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
@@ -6842,7 +6842,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -9280,7 +9280,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>With the data in “wide” format, using <code>mutate()</code> to
 calculate “points per rebound” for each team would be easy because the
@@ -9452,7 +9452,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Sorry, this is <em>sort of</em> a trick question because the right
 answer is “both” (or “neither”).</p>
@@ -9559,7 +9559,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>It used the names of the old columns, the ones we got rid of! It
 figures if those names were good enough to serve as column names in the
@@ -9658,7 +9658,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This task is thankfully <em>relatively</em> easy. We tell R that it
 should pull the names for the new columns in our wider table from the
@@ -9723,7 +9723,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how we’d use <code>pivot_longer()</code> to “rewind” to our
 original data set:</p>
@@ -10518,8 +10518,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/discuss.html b/discuss.html
index 5a9bd9417..eeab1cfeb 100644
--- a/discuss.html
+++ b/discuss.html
@@ -424,7 +424,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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diff --git a/index.html b/index.html
index f84730f9e..ba00ed4b2 100644
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diff --git a/instructor-notes.html b/instructor-notes.html
index 942f9b6c6..53fc9307f 100644
--- a/instructor-notes.html
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diff --git a/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html b/instructor/06-data-subsetting.html
index 92c274882..63340aa0b 100644
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
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@@ -1154,7 +1154,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
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-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul><li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
 <code>countries==seAsia</code>. This gives a warning
@@ -1437,7 +1437,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
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-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
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@@ -1650,7 +1650,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -1806,7 +1806,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
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   </h4>
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-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li>Extract observations collected for the year 1957</li>
@@ -1880,7 +1880,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal"><li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
 on two dimensions. <code>gapminder[1:20, ]</code> subsets the data to
@@ -1973,7 +1973,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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diff --git a/instructor/07b-control-flow.html b/instructor/07b-control-flow.html
index 0c1c13518..21a36dd3f 100644
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diff --git a/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html b/instructor/08-plot-ggplot2.html
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 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
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-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
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@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -985,7 +985,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
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-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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diff --git a/instructor/09-vectorization.html b/instructor/09-vectorization.html
index 5dbb5dc52..c221f1702 100644
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   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -711,7 +711,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
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+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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diff --git a/instructor/10-functions.html b/instructor/10-functions.html
index c23a1aef0..0d65ebd0a 100644
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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diff --git a/instructor/11-writing-data.html b/instructor/11-writing-data.html
index 0400a4a3c..fbeb3c59c 100644
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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diff --git a/instructor/13b-dplyr.html b/instructor/13b-dplyr.html
index 3f5c0de50..94d24812f 100644
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+++ b/instructor/13b-dplyr.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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diff --git a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
index 7c044da23..20ec4bba9 100644
--- a/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
+++ b/instructor/14-knitr-markdown.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/14b-tidyr.html b/instructor/14b-tidyr.html
index ed2a86057..e663a9322 100644
--- a/instructor/14b-tidyr.html
+++ b/instructor/14b-tidyr.html
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>With the data in “wide” format, using <code>mutate()</code> to
 calculate “points per rebound” for each team would be easy because the
@@ -639,7 +639,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Sorry, this is <em>sort of</em> a trick question because the right
 answer is “both” (or “neither”).</p>
@@ -742,7 +742,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>It used the names of the old columns, the ones we got rid of! It
 figures if those names were good enough to serve as column names in the
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
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 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This task is thankfully <em>relatively</em> easy. We tell R that it
 should pull the names for the new columns in our wider table from the
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
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 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how we’d use <code>pivot_longer()</code> to “rewind” to our
 original data set:</p>
@@ -1021,7 +1021,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
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diff --git a/instructor/15-wrap-up.html b/instructor/15-wrap-up.html
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-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
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diff --git a/instructor/404.html b/instructor/404.html
index b0b9b2df3..24b201ca5 100644
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
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diff --git a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
index 5d5cd3d63..02b89f452 100644
--- a/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
+++ b/instructor/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.html
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   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
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diff --git a/instructor/LICENSE.html b/instructor/LICENSE.html
index b797d2135..a7d583875 100644
--- a/instructor/LICENSE.html
+++ b/instructor/LICENSE.html
@@ -483,7 +483,7 @@ <h1>Licenses</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/LICENSE.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/aio.html b/instructor/aio.html
index c51f5cfd5..5effd7675 100644
--- a/instructor/aio.html
+++ b/instructor/aio.html
@@ -668,7 +668,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Nothing new happens, hopefully! We should get <code>5</code> again
 both times.</p>
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the first case, you’ll get <code>25</code> (and not 17, as you
 might or might not have expected!). That’s because parentheses are R’s
@@ -959,7 +959,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>R will show your command, but it won’t produce any <em>output</em>.
 That is because <code>#</code> is R’s <strong>comment operator</strong>.
@@ -1510,7 +1510,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>There are no “right answers” here. Instead, I’ll give you a couple of
 rules from my own personal naming convention.</p>
@@ -1589,7 +1589,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>As we have seen, <u>R thinks unquoted text must be an object
 name</u>. So, to make it clear to R that we are writing a chunk of text
@@ -1649,7 +1649,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By putting quotes around <code>7</code> in the second command, we
 have told R that <code>7</code> is really text, not a number. R knows it
@@ -1737,7 +1737,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>log()</code> takes the logarithm of a number:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
@@ -2061,7 +2061,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><u>Vectors and matrices in R can only hold values of a single
 Type</u>. If we try to put multiple value types into one object, R will
@@ -2260,7 +2260,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2352,7 +2352,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, note that the above command is the same as this one:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb87">
@@ -2733,7 +2733,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When we provide a vector as an input to <code>rep()</code>, we repeat
 the whole vector:</p>
@@ -2855,7 +2855,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, let’s see the answers we receive:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
@@ -3065,7 +3065,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how you’d do this. First, you’d use
 <code>install.packages()</code> to download and install each package. We
@@ -3675,7 +3675,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb34">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -3872,7 +3872,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb50">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4130,7 +4130,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ul>
 <li>The <strong>wrong</strong> way to do this problem is
@@ -4426,7 +4426,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>D</p>
 </div>
@@ -4575,7 +4575,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4641,7 +4641,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to challenge 6
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb122">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -4809,7 +4809,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7">
   Solution to challenge 7
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Fix each of the following common data frame subsetting errors:</p>
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
@@ -4895,7 +4895,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8">
   Solution to challenge 8
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
 <li><p><code>gapminder</code> is a data.frame so needs to be subsetted
@@ -5875,7 +5875,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is one possible solution:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb5">
@@ -5917,7 +5917,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The solution presented below adds <code>color=continent</code> to the
 call of the <code>aes</code> function. The general trend seems to
@@ -6031,7 +6031,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>The lines now get drawn over the points!</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb11">
@@ -6159,7 +6159,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Solution to challenge 4a
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: Notice that the <code>color</code> argument
 is supplied outside of the <code>aes()</code> function. This means that
@@ -6204,7 +6204,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5">
   Solution to challenge 4b
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here is a possible solution: Notice that supplying the
 <code>color</code> argument inside the <code>aes()</code> functions
@@ -6367,7 +6367,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6">
   Solution to Challenge 5
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here a possible solution: <code>xlab()</code> and <code>ylab()</code>
 set labels for the x and y axes, respectively The axis title, text and
@@ -6532,7 +6532,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1">
   Solution to challenge 1
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Let’s try this on the <code>pop</code> column of the
 <code>gapminder</code> dataset.</p>
@@ -6584,7 +6584,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2">
   Solution to challenge 2
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Refresh your plotting skills by plotting population in millions
 against year.</p>
@@ -6764,7 +6764,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3">
   Solution to challenge 3
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Given the following matrix:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb28">
@@ -6849,7 +6849,7 @@ <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4">
   Challenge 4
   </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>We’re interested in looking at the sum of the following sequence of
 fractions:</p>
@@ -9291,7 +9291,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>With the data in “wide” format, using <code>mutate()</code> to
 calculate “points per rebound” for each team would be easy because the
@@ -9463,7 +9463,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">OUTPUT<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"><
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Sorry, this is <em>sort of</em> a trick question because the right
 answer is “both” (or “neither”).</p>
@@ -9570,7 +9570,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>It used the names of the old columns, the ones we got rid of! It
 figures if those names were good enough to serve as column names in the
@@ -9669,7 +9669,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>This task is thankfully <em>relatively</em> easy. We tell R that it
 should pull the names for the new columns in our wider table from the
@@ -9734,7 +9734,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how we’d use <code>pivot_longer()</code> to “rewind” to our
 original data set:</p>
@@ -10531,8 +10531,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/aio.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/aio.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/discuss.html b/instructor/discuss.html
index 4b2bef440..4a218921b 100644
--- a/instructor/discuss.html
+++ b/instructor/discuss.html
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ <h1>Discussion</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/discuss.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/images.html b/instructor/images.html
index 0976f04f4..be8d74a90 100644
--- a/instructor/images.html
+++ b/instructor/images.html
@@ -614,8 +614,8 @@ <h3 id="14-knitr-markdown-figure-3">Figure 3</h3>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/images.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/images.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/index.html b/instructor/index.html
index dc2673578..c12dc30a2 100644
--- a/instructor/index.html
+++ b/instructor/index.html
@@ -569,8 +569,8 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Prerequisites<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" hre
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/index.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/index.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/instructor-notes.html b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
index 1e16d8218..a497f213d 100644
--- a/instructor/instructor-notes.html
+++ b/instructor/instructor-notes.html
@@ -632,8 +632,8 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/instructor-notes.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/key-points.html b/instructor/key-points.html
index 39f98cc25..155fa3d34 100644
--- a/instructor/key-points.html
+++ b/instructor/key-points.html
@@ -602,8 +602,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/profiles.html b/instructor/profiles.html
index 74e61938b..ca05a0fcd 100644
--- a/instructor/profiles.html
+++ b/instructor/profiles.html
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/reference.html b/instructor/reference.html
index dcd9dcdca..1c60b4860 100644
--- a/instructor/reference.html
+++ b/instructor/reference.html
@@ -934,7 +934,7 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/instructor/welcome-to-r.html b/instructor/welcome-to-r.html
index c50c3ed5c..7dbba4dbe 100644
--- a/instructor/welcome-to-r.html
+++ b/instructor/welcome-to-r.html
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Nothing new happens, hopefully! We should get <code>5</code> again
 both times.</p>
@@ -698,7 +698,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the first case, you’ll get <code>25</code> (and not 17, as you
 might or might not have expected!). That’s because parentheses are R’s
@@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>R will show your command, but it won’t produce any <em>output</em>.
 That is because <code>#</code> is R’s <strong>comment operator</strong>.
@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>There are no “right answers” here. Instead, I’ll give you a couple of
 rules from my own personal naming convention.</p>
@@ -1496,7 +1496,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>As we have seen, <u>R thinks unquoted text must be an object
 name</u>. So, to make it clear to R that we are writing a chunk of text
@@ -1556,7 +1556,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By putting quotes around <code>7</code> in the second command, we
 have told R that <code>7</code> is really text, not a number. R knows it
@@ -1640,7 +1640,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>log()</code> takes the logarithm of a number:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
@@ -1959,7 +1959,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><u>Vectors and matrices in R can only hold values of a single
 Type</u>. If we try to put multiple value types into one object, R will
@@ -2157,7 +2157,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2249,7 +2249,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, note that the above command is the same as this one:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb87">
@@ -2621,7 +2621,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When we provide a vector as an input to <code>rep()</code>, we repeat
 the whole vector:</p>
@@ -2742,7 +2742,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, let’s see the answers we receive:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
@@ -2951,7 +2951,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how you’d do this. First, you’d use
 <code>install.packages()</code> to download and install each package. We
@@ -3270,7 +3270,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/instructor/welcome-to-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/key-points.html b/key-points.html
index 52c165aa9..ab634c908 100644
--- a/key-points.html
+++ b/key-points.html
@@ -600,8 +600,8 @@ <h2 class="accordion-header" id="flush-headingTwelve">
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/key-points.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/pkgdown.yml b/pkgdown.yml
index 06e7a0801..0e6dbdc0f 100644
--- a/pkgdown.yml
+++ b/pkgdown.yml
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@ pandoc: 3.1.11
 pkgdown: 2.1.0
 pkgdown_sha: ~
 articles: {}
-last_built: 2024-07-23T01:19Z
+last_built: 2024-07-30T01:20Z
diff --git a/profiles.html b/profiles.html
index d2b7c997b..02bfd9c9d 100644
--- a/profiles.html
+++ b/profiles.html
@@ -381,8 +381,8 @@ <h1>Learner Profiles</h1>
   "url": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/profiles.html",
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/profiles.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
-  "dateModified": "2024-07-23",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "dateModified": "2024-07-30",
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/reference.html b/reference.html
index d525c6bd7..493f4f8f5 100644
--- a/reference.html
+++ b/reference.html
@@ -932,7 +932,7 @@ <h1>Reference</h1>
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/reference.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>
diff --git a/welcome-to-r.html b/welcome-to-r.html
index 2893fff3b..839df9731 100644
--- a/welcome-to-r.html
+++ b/welcome-to-r.html
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution1" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution1">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution1"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1">
+<div id="collapseSolution1" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution1" aria-labelledby="headingSolution1">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Nothing new happens, hopefully! We should get <code>5</code> again
 both times.</p>
@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution2" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution2">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution2"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2">
+<div id="collapseSolution2" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution2" aria-labelledby="headingSolution2">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>In the first case, you’ll get <code>25</code> (and not 17, as you
 might or might not have expected!). That’s because parentheses are R’s
@@ -886,7 +886,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution3" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution3">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution3"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3">
+<div id="collapseSolution3" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution3" aria-labelledby="headingSolution3">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>R will show your command, but it won’t produce any <em>output</em>.
 That is because <code>#</code> is R’s <strong>comment operator</strong>.
@@ -1416,7 +1416,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution4" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution4">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution4"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4">
+<div id="collapseSolution4" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution4" aria-labelledby="headingSolution4">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>There are no “right answers” here. Instead, I’ll give you a couple of
 rules from my own personal naming convention.</p>
@@ -1494,7 +1494,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution5">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution5"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5">
+<div id="collapseSolution5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution5" aria-labelledby="headingSolution5">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>As we have seen, <u>R thinks unquoted text must be an object
 name</u>. So, to make it clear to R that we are writing a chunk of text
@@ -1554,7 +1554,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution6">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution6"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6">
+<div id="collapseSolution6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution6" aria-labelledby="headingSolution6">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>By putting quotes around <code>7</code> in the second command, we
 have told R that <code>7</code> is really text, not a number. R knows it
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution7" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution7">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution7"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7">
+<div id="collapseSolution7" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution7" aria-labelledby="headingSolution7">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><code>log()</code> takes the logarithm of a number:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb43">
@@ -1957,7 +1957,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Discussion<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution8" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution8">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution8"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8">
+<div id="collapseSolution8" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution8" aria-labelledby="headingSolution8">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p><u>Vectors and matrices in R can only hold values of a single
 Type</u>. If we try to put multiple value types into one object, R will
@@ -2155,7 +2155,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution9">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution9"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9">
+<div id="collapseSolution9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution9" aria-labelledby="headingSolution9">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb82">
 <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-right"></i>
@@ -2247,7 +2247,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution10" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution10">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution10"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10">
+<div id="collapseSolution10" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution10" aria-labelledby="headingSolution10">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, note that the above command is the same as this one:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb87">
@@ -2619,7 +2619,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution11" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution11">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution11"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11">
+<div id="collapseSolution11" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution11" aria-labelledby="headingSolution11">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>When we provide a vector as an input to <code>rep()</code>, we repeat
 the whole vector:</p>
@@ -2740,7 +2740,7 @@ <h3 class="code-label">R<i aria-hidden="true" data-feather="chevron-left"></i><i
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution12" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution12">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution12"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12">
+<div id="collapseSolution12" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution12" aria-labelledby="headingSolution12">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>First, let’s see the answers we receive:</p>
 <div class="codewrapper sourceCode" id="cb115">
@@ -2949,7 +2949,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Challenge<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#
 <button class="accordion-button solution-button collapsed" type="button" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#collapseSolution13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSolution13">
   <h4 class="accordion-header" id="headingSolution13"> Show me the solution </h4>
 </button>
-<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13">
+<div id="collapseSolution13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" data-bs-parent="#accordionSolution13" aria-labelledby="headingSolution13">
 <div class="accordion-body">
 <p>Here’s how you’d do this. First, you’d use
 <code>install.packages()</code> to download and install each package. We
@@ -3268,7 +3268,7 @@ <h3 class="callout-title">Key Points<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="
   "identifier": "https://swcarpentry.github.io/r-novice-gapminder/welcome-to-r.html",
   "dateCreated": "2015-04-18",
   "dateModified": "2024-07-02",
-  "datePublished": "2024-07-23"
+  "datePublished": "2024-07-30"
 }
 
   </script><script>