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| --- | ||
| title: dump and restore command | ||
| author: tianci li | ||
| contributors: | ||
| tested_with: 8.10 | ||
| tags: | ||
| - dump | ||
| - restore | ||
| - backup | ||
| --- | ||
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| ## Overview | ||
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| `dump` examines files in a filesystem, determines which ones need to be backed up, and copies those files to a specified disk, tape or other storage medium. The `restore` command performs the inverse function of `dump`. | ||
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| This utility is applicable to the following file systems: | ||
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| * ext2 | ||
| * ext3 | ||
| * ext4 | ||
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| !!! tip | ||
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| For the xfs file system, please use `xfsdump`. | ||
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| [This](https://dump.sourceforge.io/) is the homepage of the project. | ||
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| Before using this utility, please execute the following command to install it: | ||
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| ```bash | ||
| Shell > dnf -y install dump | ||
| ``` | ||
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| After installation, two commonly used command tools will be released: | ||
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| * `dump` | ||
| * `restore` | ||
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| ### `dump` command | ||
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| There are two main uses for this command: | ||
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| * Perform backup (dump) operations - `dump [option(s)] -f <File-Name> <File1> ...` | ||
| * Review backup (dump) information - `dump [-W | -w]` | ||
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| Common options are: | ||
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| * `-<level>` - Backup level. When in actual use, please replace "level" with any number from 0-9. The number 0 represents full backup, while other numbers represent incremental backup. | ||
| * `-f <File-Name>` - Specify the file name and path after backup. | ||
| * `-u` - After a successful backup, record the backup time in the **/etc/dumpdates** file. When the backed up object is an independent partition, you can use the `-u` option. However, when the backup object is a non-partitioned directory, the `-u` option cannot be used. | ||
| * `-v` - Display the processing details during the backup process. | ||
| * `-W` - An option for viewing dump information. | ||
| * `-z[LEVEL]` - Adjust the compression level using the zlib library, with a default compression level of 2. In other words, you can compress the backup file to `.gz` format. The adjustable range of compression level is 1-9. | ||
| * `-j[LEVEL]` - Adjust the compression level using the bzlib library, with a default compression level of 2. In other words, you can compress the backup file to `.bz2` format. The adjustable range of compression level is 1-9. | ||
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| #### Example of using `dump` | ||
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| 1. Perform a Full Backup of the root partition: | ||
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| ```bash | ||
| Shell > dump -0u -j3 -f /tmp/root-20241208.bak.bz2 / | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Dumping /dev/nvme0n1p2 (/) to /tmp/root-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Label: none | ||
| DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records | ||
| DUMP: Compressing output at transformation level 3 (bzlib) | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: estimated 14693111 blocks. | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Sun Dec 8 19:04:41 2024 | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: 20.69% done at 10133 kB/s, finished in 0:19 | ||
| DUMP: 43.74% done at 10712 kB/s, finished in 0:12 | ||
| DUMP: 70.91% done at 11575 kB/s, finished in 0:06 | ||
| DUMP: 93.23% done at 11415 kB/s, finished in 0:01 | ||
| DUMP: Closing /tmp/root-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Sun Dec 8 19:26:08 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:21:27 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 5133 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 14722930kB uncompressed, 6607183kB compressed, 2.229:1 | ||
| DUMP: 14722930 blocks (14377.86MB) on 1 volume(s) | ||
| DUMP: finished in 1287 seconds, throughput 11439 kBytes/sec | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Date this dump completed: Sun Dec 8 19:26:08 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Average transfer rate: 5133 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Wrote 14722930kB uncompressed, 6607183kB compressed, 2.229:1 | ||
| DUMP: DUMP IS DONE | ||
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| Shell > ls -lh /tmp/root-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6.4G Dec 8 19:26 /tmp/root-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| 2. After successful dumping, check the relevant information: | ||
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| ```bash | ||
| Shell > cat /etc/dumpdates | ||
| /dev/nvme0n1p2 0 Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 +0800 | ||
| Shell > dump -W | ||
| Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems): | ||
| /dev/nvme0n1p2 ( /) Last dump: Level 0, Date Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| 3. Implement Incremental Backup on the basis of Full Backup: | ||
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| ```bash | ||
| Shell > echo "jack" >> /tmp/tmpfile.txt | ||
| Shell > dump -1u -j4 -f /tmp/root-20241208-LV1.bak.bz2 / | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Sun Dec 8 19:38:51 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Dumping /dev/nvme0n1p2 (/) to /tmp/root-20241208-LV1.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Label: none | ||
| DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records | ||
| DUMP: Compressing output at transformation level 4 (bzlib) | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: estimated 6620898 blocks. | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Sun Dec 8 19:38:58 2024 | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: 38.13% done at 8415 kB/s, finished in 0:08 | ||
| DUMP: 75.30% done at 8309 kB/s, finished in 0:03 | ||
| DUMP: Closing /tmp/root-20241208-LV1.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Sun Dec 8 19:52:03 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:13:05 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 8408 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 6620910kB uncompressed, 6600592kB compressed, 1.004:1 | ||
| DUMP: 6620910 blocks (6465.73MB) on 1 volume(s) | ||
| DUMP: finished in 785 seconds, throughput 8434 kBytes/sec | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Sun Dec 8 19:38:51 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Date this dump completed: Sun Dec 8 19:52:03 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Average transfer rate: 8408 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Wrote 6620910kB uncompressed, 6600592kB compressed, 1.004:1 | ||
| DUMP: DUMP IS DONE | ||
| Shell > cat /etc/dumpdates | ||
| /dev/nvme0n1p2 0 Sun Dec 8 19:04:39 2024 +0800 | ||
| /dev/nvme0n1p2 1 Sun Dec 8 19:38:51 2024 +0800 | ||
| Shell > dump -W | ||
| Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems): | ||
| /dev/nvme0n1p2 ( /) Last dump: Level 1, Date Sun Dec 8 19:38:51 2024 | ||
| ``` | ||
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| 4. For non-partitioned directory, only Full Backup (`-0`) can be used and the `-u` option cannot be used: | ||
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| ```bash | ||
| Shell > dump -0uj -f /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 /etc/ | ||
| DUMP: You can't update the dumpdates file when dumping a subdirectory | ||
| DUMP: The ENTIRE dump is aborted. | ||
| Shell > dump -0j -f /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 /etc/ | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Sun Dec 8 20:00:38 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Dumping /dev/nvme0n1p2 (/ (dir etc)) to /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Label: none | ||
| DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records | ||
| DUMP: Compressing output at transformation level 2 (bzlib) | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: estimated 28204 blocks. | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Sun Dec 8 20:00:38 2024 | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories] | ||
| DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files] | ||
| DUMP: Closing /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Sun Dec 8 20:00:40 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:00:02 | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 3751 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Volume 1 29090kB uncompressed, 7503kB compressed, 3.878:1 | ||
| DUMP: 29090 blocks (28.41MB) on 1 volume(s) | ||
| DUMP: finished in 2 seconds, throughput 14545 kBytes/sec | ||
| DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Sun Dec 8 20:00:38 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Date this dump completed: Sun Dec 8 20:00:40 2024 | ||
| DUMP: Average transfer rate: 3751 kB/s | ||
| DUMP: Wrote 29090kB uncompressed, 7503kB compressed, 3.878:1 | ||
| DUMP: DUMP IS DONE | ||
| ``` | ||
| Performing an incremental backup of the /etc/ directory will result in an error: | ||
| ```bash | ||
| Shell > dump -1j -f /tmp/etc-incr-20241208.bak.bz2 /etc/ | ||
| DUMP: Only level 0 dumps are allowed on a subdirectory | ||
| DUMP: The ENTIRE dump is aborted. | ||
| ``` | ||
| ### `restore` command | ||
| The usage of this command is - `restore <mode(flag)> [option(s)] -f <Dump-File>` | ||
| The mode (flag) can be one of the following: | ||
| * `-C` - Comparison mode. Restore reads the backup and compares its contents with files present on the disk, it is mostly used for comparison after performing a backup on a partition In this mode, only changes based on the original data will be compared. If there is new data on the disk, it cannot be detected and compared. | ||
| * `-i` - Interactive mode. This mode allows interactive restoration of files from a dump. | ||
| * `-t` - List mode. List what data is in the backup file. | ||
| * `-r` - Restore (rebuild) mode. If it is a "Full Backup + Incremental Backup" method, it needs to be restored in chronological order. | ||
| * `-x` - Extraction mode. Extract some or all files from the backup file. | ||
| #### Example of using `restore` | ||
| 1. Restore data from /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 : | ||
| ```bash | ||
| Shell > mkdir /tmp/data/ | ||
| Shell > restore -t -f /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| Shell > cd /tmp/data/ ; restore -r -f /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| Shell > ls -l /tmp/data/ | ||
| total 4992 | ||
| drwxr-xr-x. 90 root root 4096 Dec 8 17:13 etc | ||
| -rw------- 1 root root 5107632 Dec 8 20:39 restoresymtable | ||
| ``` | ||
| As you can see, a file named restoresymtable appears after a successful restore. This file is an important file that is relied upon for performing incremental backup system restore operations. | ||
| 2. Process backup files in Interactive mode: | ||
| ```bash | ||
| Shell > restore -i -f /tmp/etc-full-20241208.bak.bz2 | ||
| Dump tape is compressed. | ||
| restore > ? | ||
| ``` | ||
| In this mode, you can type ++question++ to view the available interactive commands. | ||