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docs/containers/alternatives.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 4
+---
+
+# Alternatives
+
+This section outlines alternative containerization tools and platforms that can be used in place of Docker. Each tool has its own unique features and use cases, and understanding these alternatives can help platform engineers make informed decisions when selecting the right containerization tool for their applications.
+
+## Podman
+
+Podman is a daemonless container engine for developing, managing, and running OCI Containers on your Linux system. It is fully compatible with Docker but doesn't require a running daemon. This makes it more secure and easier to integrate into various system setups.
+
+Key Features:
+
+- Daemonless architecture
+- Rootless containers for enhanced security
+- Direct integration with Kubernetes through pod definitions
+- Compatible with Docker command-line interface
+
+:::info
+If you are new to Podman, refer to the [official Podman documentation](https://podman.io/).
+:::
+
+## Containerd
+
+Containerd is an industry-standard core container runtime that provides a reliable and high-performance container runtime with an emphasis on simplicity, robustness, and portability. It is available as a daemon for Linux and Windows, and it is designed to be embedded into larger systems.
+
+Key Features:
+
+- Industry-standard core container runtime
+- Emphasis on simplicity, robustness, and portability
+- Fully integrates with the Kubernetes ecosystem
+- Designed to be embedded into larger systems
+
+:::info
+If you are new to Containerd, refer to the [official Containerd documentation](https://containerd.io/).
+:::
+
+## Buildah
+
+Buildah is a tool for building OCI container images. It is designed to work with containers without requiring a daemon, and it can be used to build images from scratch or to modify existing images.
+
+Key Features:
+
+- Daemonless architecture
+- Build images from scratch
+- Modify existing images
+- Compatible with Dockerfiles
+
+:::info
+If you are new to Buildah, refer to the [official Buildah documentation](https://buildah.io/).
+:::
+
+## CRI-O
+
+CRI-O is an implementation of the Kubernetes Container Runtime Interface (CRI) to enable using OCI-compatible runtimes. It is a lightweight alternative to using Docker as the runtime for Kubernetes.
+
+Key Features:
+
+- Lightweight and minimal runtime
+- Fully compatible with Kubernetes
+- Supports OCI-compatible runtimes
+
+:::info
+If you are new to CRI-O, refer to the [official CRI-O documentation](https://cri-o.io/).
+:::

docs/containers/docker-compose.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 3
+---
+
+# Docker Compose
+
+Docker Compose is a tool for defining and running multi-container Docker applications. With Compose, you use a YAML file to configure your application’s services, networks, and volumes. This simplifies the process of managing application stacks by codifying the configurations into a version-controlled file. For platform engineering, Docker Compose offers a streamlined way to deploy, scale, and manage containerized applications across various environments.
+
+:::info
+If you are new to Docker Compose, refer to the [official Docker Compose documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/).
+:::
+
+## Key Features
+
+- **Service Orchestration**: Define multi-container applications in a single file, then spin everything up in a single command.
+- **Environment Standardization**: Ensures consistency across development, staging, and production environments, reducing "works on my machine" issues.
+- **Service Configuration**: Allows for easy configuration of service properties, network settings, and storage options.
+- **Development Efficiency**: Streamlines the development process by enabling quick feedback loops and reducing deployment complexity.
+
+## Installation
+
+Docker Compose is included with Docker Desktop for Windows and macOS. For Linux users, you can install Docker Compose separately by following the instructions in the [official Docker Compose documentation](https://docs.docker.com/compose/install/).
+
+## Configuration File: `docker-compose.yml`
+
+The `docker-compose.yml` file is the configuration file for Docker Compose. It defines the services, networks, and volumes for your application. Here’s a simple example:
+
+```yaml
+version: '3'
+services:
+  web:
+    image: nginx
+    ports:
+      - "80:80"
+  db:
+    image: postgres
+    environment:
+      POSTGRES_PASSWORD: example
+```
+
+This configuration defines two services: `web`, which is an Nginx server, and `db`, which is a PostgreSQL database. It also maps port 80 on the host to port 80 on the Nginx container and sets an environment variable for the PostgreSQL password.
+
+## Basic Commands
+
+- **Start Services**: `docker-compose up`
+- **Stop Services**: `docker-compose down`
+- **Build or Rebuild Services**: `docker-compose build`
+- **View Running Services**: `docker-compose ps`
+- **Stream Logs**: `docker-compose logs -f`
+
+## Use Cases
+
+### Local Development
+
+Developers can use Docker Compose to spin up their entire stack locally, including databases, caching, and other services, ensuring that they are working in an environment that mirrors production as closely as possible.
+
+### Microservices Architecture
+
+In a microservices architecture, Docker Compose can manage the lifecycle of all microservices as a unified application stack, making it easier to develop, test, and deploy services in conjunction.
+
+### Environment Mocking
+
+Platform engineers can use Docker Compose to create mock environments for testing, including third-party services, databases, and any other dependencies that the application requires.
+
+### Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI/CD)
+
+Docker Compose can be integrated into CI/CD pipelines for automated testing and deployment. By defining service configurations, teams can ensure consistent environments from development through to production, reducing integration issues.
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- **Version Control**: Keep your docker-compose.yml files under version control to track changes and maintain consistency across environments.
+- **Environment Variables**: Use environment variables for sensitive data and configuration that varies between environments.
+- **Service Dependencies**: Leverage the depends_on option to manage service startup order.
+- **Resource Limits**: Specify resource limits for services to avoid resource contention on the host machine.
+- **Network Segmentation**: Define networks to control communication between services, enhancing security and performance.
+
+## Alternatives
+
+Docker Compose is a popular tool for defining and managing multi-container applications, but there are alternative tools that offer similar capabilities. Some of these alternatives include:
+
+- **Kubernetes**: Kubernetes is an open-source platform designed to automate deploying, scaling, and operating application containers. It goes beyond the capabilities of Docker Compose to offer extensive cluster management. It's suitable for managing complex applications across multiple containers.
+- **Apache Mesos**: Apache Mesos is a project to manage computer clusters more efficiently by running tasks in containers across clusters.
+- **Nomad**: Nomad is a simple and flexible workload orchestrator to deploy and manage containers and non-containerized applications across on-prem and clouds at scale.
+- **Rancher**: Rancher is an open-source platform for managing Kubernetes in production. It provides a full Kubernetes distribution, but it simplifies cluster management, and deployment and adds additional security features.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Docker Compose is a powerful tool in the platform engineering toolkit, offering a simple yet effective way to define, deploy, and manage complex application stacks. By leveraging Docker Compose, platform engineers can improve efficiency, consistency, and reliability across the application lifecycle, from development through to production.

docs/containers/docker.md

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 # Docker
 
+Docker is a set of platform as a service (PaaS) products that use OS-level virtualization to deliver software in packages called containers. Containers are isolated from each other and bundle their own software, libraries, and configuration files; they can communicate with each other through well-defined channels. For platform engineering, Docker provides a robust, flexible foundation for developing, shipping, and running applications. This documentation outlines how Docker can be leveraged in platform engineering, covering key concepts, benefits, use cases, and best practices.
+
+:::info
+If you are new to Docker, refer to the [official Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/).
+:::
+
+## Key Concepts
+
+### Docker Containers
+
+- **Definition**: Lightweight, standalone, executable packages that include everything needed to run a piece of software, including the code, runtime, libraries, environment variables, and config files.
+- **Isolation**: Containers run in a shared OS kernel but are isolated from each other. This ensures that processes running in one container cannot interfere with those running in another.
+
+### Docker Images
+
+- **Definition**: A read-only template with instructions for creating a Docker container. It includes the application code, runtime, system tools, libraries, and settings.
+- **Layered File System**: Images are built in layers, allowing for efficient storage and sharing of common components across multiple images.
+
+### Docker Registries
+
+- **Definition**: A storage and content delivery system for named Docker images. It allows users to push and pull images from a central location, facilitating the sharing and distribution of containers.
+- **Public and Private Registries**: Docker Hub is a public registry that hosts thousands of images, while private registries can be used to store proprietary images.
+
+### Dockerfile
+
+- **Definition**: A text document that contains all the commands a user could call on the command line to assemble an image. Using `docker build` users can create an automated build that executes several command-line instructions in succession.
+
+## Benefits
+
+- **Consistency Across Environments**: Docker containers ensure consistency across different development, testing, and production environments, reducing "it works on my machine" problems.
+- **Rapid Deployment and Scaling**: Docker containers can be started in milliseconds, making it easy to quickly scale out applications.
+- **Isolation**: Docker ensures applications are isolated and segregated to enhance security.
+- **Resource Efficiency**: Containers require less hardware resource than traditional or virtual machine environments because they share the host system’s kernel.
+
+## Use Cases
+
+- **Continuous Integration/Continuous Deployment (CI/CD)**: Docker simplifies the CI/CD pipeline by allowing developers to create isolated environments for each stage of the pipeline, ensuring that software can be released reliably at any time.
+- **Microservices Architecture**: Docker is ideal for microservices architecture because it allows each service to be packaged into its own container, ensuring that each service is lightweight and can be deployed independently.
+- **Development & Testing**: Docker provides developers with the ability to create isolated environments to test and debug applications in a production-like environment, ensuring consistency across the development lifecycle.
+- **Application Isolation**: Docker allows different applications to run on the same server without interfering with each other, making it easier to manage multiple applications.
+
+## Best Practices
+
+- **Use Official Images**: Whenever possible, use official Docker images as the base for your containers to ensure security and stability.
+- **Keep Images Small**: Optimize your Docker images to be as small as possible without sacrificing functionality to reduce deployment times and increase efficiency.
+- **Use Tags**: Tag your Docker images with specific version numbers or environment names to facilitate rollback and understand which version of the application is running.
+- **Security**: Regularly scan your Docker images for vulnerabilities, use trusted base images, and follow Docker’s security best practices.
+- **Logging and Monitoring**: Implement logging and monitoring within your Docker containers to keep track of their health and performance.
+- **Immutable Containers**: Treat containers as immutable objects and never modify a running container. Instead, update the Dockerfile and redeploy the container.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Docker is an essential tool for platform engineering, offering a range of features that streamline the development, deployment, and scaling of applications. By understanding and leveraging Docker's capabilities, platform engineers can significantly improve the efficiency, reliability, and scalability of their applications. Following best practices in Docker usage ensures that applications are secure, efficient, and consistent across all environments.

docs/environments-definition/app-env-vs-infra-env.md

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+---
+sidebar_position: 2
+---
+
+# Application Environment vs Infrastructure Environment
+
+In software development and operations, the terms "application environments" and "infrastructure environments" are frequently mentioned. While they are interconnected and sometimes overlap, they serve distinct purposes and have different focuses. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective platform engineering and deployment strategies.
+
+## Application Environment
+
+An application environment is a collection of resources that are used to run an application. These resources include the infrastructure, configuration, and services that are required to run the application. In the context of software development and platform engineering, environments refer to isolated setups where software applications are developed, tested, deployed, and run. These environments are crucial for ensuring that applications behave as expected across different stages of the development lifecycle, from development through production. Platform engineering plays a vital role in defining, automating, and managing these environments to support scalable and reliable software delivery.
+
+### Key Characteristics
+
+- **Purpose-Specific**: Each environment (development, testing, staging, and production) serves a specific purpose in the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from initial development to deployment to end users.
+- **Configuration and Data**: Environments may have different configurations or use different datasets to simulate various conditions under which the application might run.
+- **Isolation**: Environments are isolated from one another to prevent issues in one stage from affecting another. This isolation helps in identifying and resolving problems at early stages without impacting the production system.
+
+### Examples
+
+- **Development Environment**: Used by developers to write, test, and debug code.
+- **Testing Environment**: Used to test the application for bugs, performance, and security issues.
+- **Staging Environment**: Used to validate the application in a production-like setting.
+- **Production Environment**: Used to run the application for end-users.
+
+## Infrastructure Environment
+
+An infrastructure environment refers to the underlying infrastructure that supports the application environment. It includes the physical or virtual hardware, networking, storage, and other resources that are required to host and run the application. Infrastructure environments are designed, provisioned, and managed to provide the necessary resources for the application environments to function effectively.
+
+### Key Characteristics
+
+- **Scalability and Availability**: Focuses on the scalability and high availability of resources to meet the application's demands.
+- **Security and Compliance**: Ensures that the infrastructure adheres to security policies and compliance requirements.
+- **Infrastructure as Code (IaC)**: Uses code to manage and provision infrastructure resources, ensuring consistency and repeatability across environments.
+
+### Examples
+
+- **Cloud Infrastructure**: Virtual machines, containers, storage, and networking resources provided by cloud service providers.
+- **On-Premises Infrastructure**: Physical servers, networking equipment, and storage devices hosted in an organization's data center.
+- **Hybrid environments**: A mix of cloud and on-premises resources.
+
+## Key Differences
+
+| Aspect | Application Environment | Infrastructure Environment |
+| ------ | ----------------------- | -------------------------- |
+| Focus  | Application-specific resources and configurations | Infrastructure resources and services |
+| Purpose | Supports the application development lifecycle | Provides the underlying resources for application environments |
+| Key Components | Application code, configuration, and services | Servers, storage, networking, and other infrastructure resources |
+| Management | Managed by platform engineers and developers | Managed by infrastructure and operations teams |
+| Examples | Development, testing, staging, production | Cloud infrastructure, on-premises infrastructure, hybrid environments |
+
+## Conclusion
+
+While application environments and infrastructure environments are distinct, they are deeply interconnected. Application environments rely on the underlying infrastructure to run effectively, and decisions made in the infrastructure layer can significantly impact the performance, scalability, and security of the applications. Understanding the differences between these two types of environments helps teams effectively manage and deploy applications, ensuring they meet both functional requirements and operational standards. In platform engineering, orchestrating both application and infrastructure environments harmoniously is key to achieving efficient, scalable, and reliable software delivery.