Volk: Update to 3.1.2 and add Python 3.11 and 3.12 variants

[DanielO]

Description

Update volk to 3.1.2 and add Python 3.11 and 3.12 variants
Fixes https://trac.macports.org/ticket/71416
Tested by running GRC.

I have not tested it on ARM64 as I don't have suitable hardware so I am not sure about the deleted patch - it does not apply but I am not sure if the problem was fixed upstream.

Type(s)

• bugfix
• enhancement
• security fix

Tested on

macOS 15.2 24C101 x86_64
Xcode 16.2 16C5032a

Verification

Have you

• followed our Commit Message Guidelines?
• squashed and minimized your commits?
• checked that there aren't other open pull requests for the same change?
• referenced existing tickets on Trac with full URL in commit message?
• checked your Portfile with port lint?
• tried existing tests with sudo port test?
• tried a full install with sudo port -vst install?
• tested basic functionality of all binary files?
• checked that the Portfile's most important variants haven't been broken?

[macportsbot]

Notifying maintainers:
@michaelld for port volk.