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# Terms for CP | ||
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## 'Thermal Bath' or 'Thermal Reservoir' | ||
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'热浴'或'热储层' [wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_reservoir) | ||
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在物理学中,“热浴”是指一个能够与系统交换热量并保持恒定温度的外部系统。它通过吸收或释放热量来维持系统的温度稳定。 | ||
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### 实验中的热浴 | ||
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在实验中,热浴通常通过以下方式实现: | ||
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1. 恒温槽:使用恒温液体(如水或油)包围实验系统,通过加热或冷却维持恒定温度。 | ||
2. 珀尔帖元件:利用热电效应控制温度,常用于小规模实验。 | ||
3. 恒温器:通过反馈机制调节加热或冷却功率,保持系统温度恒定。 | ||
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### 数值模拟中的热浴(以 LAMMPS 为例) | ||
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在 LAMMPS 中,热浴通过“恒温器”实现,常用的恒温器包括: | ||
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1. Nose-Hoover 恒温器: | ||
```lammps | ||
fix myfix all nvt temp 300.0 300.0 100.0 | ||
``` | ||
其中,`nvt`表示恒温恒容模拟,`300.0`是初始和目标温度,`100.0`是阻尼参数。 | ||
2. Berendsen 恒温器: | ||
```lammps | ||
fix myfix all temp/berendsen 300.0 300.0 100.0 | ||
``` | ||
该恒温器通过调节原子速度使系统温度趋近目标温度。 | ||
3. Langevin 恒温器: | ||
```lammps | ||
fix myfix all langevin 300.0 300.0 100.0 12345 | ||
``` | ||
该恒温器通过引入随机力和阻尼力来维持温度,`12345`是随机数种子。 | ||
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### 总结 | ||
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- 实验:通过恒温槽、珀尔帖元件或恒温器实现热浴。 | ||
- 数值模拟:在 LAMMPS 中,使用 Nose-Hoover、Berendsen 或 Langevin 恒温器实现热浴。 | ||
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这些方法确保了系统在模拟或实验中的温度恒定。 | ||
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## Ensemble 系综 | ||
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- [zhihu](https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/350907022) | ||
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系综是指大量性质和结构完全相同的、处于各种运动状态的、各自独立的系统的集合。 | ||
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#### nve(微正则系综) | ||
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nve 系综保证系统中原子数量 n、体系总体积 v 和体系总能量 e 保持不变。 | ||
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nve 系综没有控温的功能,初始条件确定后,在力场的作用下,原子速度发生变化,相应的体系温度发生变化。我们知道,体系总能量 e=势能+动能,温度发生变化,动能就会变化,势能和动能相互转换,总能量保持不变。 | ||
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#### nvt(等温等压) | ||
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nvt 系综保证体系的原子数量 n、体积 v 和温度 t 保持不变。 | ||
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nvt 系综下,模拟盒子 box 的尺寸不会发生变化,lammps 通过改变原子的速度对体系的温度进行调节。 | ||
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#### npt(等压等温) | ||
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npt 系综保证体系的原子数量 n、压强 p 和温度 t 保持不变。 | ||
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npt 系综不仅进行控温,还进行控压。和 nvt 一样,npt 系综通过调节原子速度调控温度,不同的是,npt 系综下 box 的尺寸可以发生变化。 | ||
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npt 系综通过改变 box 的尺寸调节压力,比如,当体系压力超过设定值时,扩大 box 尺寸降低压力。 |
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