Awesome Red-Teaming LLMs

A comprehensive guide to understanding Attacks, Defenses and Red-Teaming for Large Language Models (LLMs).

Contents

• Attacks
  • Jailbreak Attack
  • Direct Attack
  • Infusion Attack
  • Inference Attack
  • Training Time Attack
• Defenses
• Other Surveys
• Red-Teaming

Attacks

Jailbreak Attack

Title	Link
"Do Anything Now": Characterizing and Evaluating In-The-Wild Jailbreak Prompts on Large Language Models	Link
Jailbreaking ChatGPT via Prompt Engineering: An Empirical Study	Link
ChatGPT Jailbreak Reddit	Link
Anomalous Tokens	Link
Ignore This Title and HackAPrompt: Exposing Systemic Vulnerabilities of LLMs Through a Global Prompt Hacking Competition	Link
Exploiting Programmatic Behavior of LLMs: Dual-Use Through Standard Security Attacks	Link
Jailbroken: How Does LLM Safety Training Fail?	Link
Tricking LLMs into Disobedience: Formalizing, Analyzing, and Detecting Jailbreaks	Link
Adversarial Prompting in LLMs	Link
Exploiting Novel GPT-4 APIs	Link
Large Language Models are Vulnerable to Bait-and-Switch Attacks for Generating Harmful Content	Link
Using Hallucinations to Bypass GPT4's Filter	Link

Direct Attack

Automated Attacks

Title	Link
A Wolf in Sheep's Clothing: Generalized Nested Jailbreak Prompts can Fool Large Language Models Easily	Link
FLIRT: Feedback Loop In-context Red Teaming	Link
Jailbreaking Black Box Large Language Models in Twenty Queries	Link
Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models	Link
Tree of Attacks: Jailbreaking Black-Box LLMs Automatically	Link
Leveraging the Context through Multi-Round Interactions for Jailbreaking Attacks	Link
Cognitive Overload: Jailbreaking Large Language Models with Overloaded Logical Thinking	Link
GPT-4 Is Too Smart To Be Safe: Stealthy Chat with LLMs via Cipher	Link
GPTFUZZER: Red Teaming Large Language Models with Auto-Generated Jailbreak Prompts	Link
AART: AI-Assisted Red-Teaming with Diverse Data Generation for New LLM-powered Applications	Link
Prompt Injection attack against LLM-integrated Applications	Link
Making Them Ask and Answer: Jailbreaking Large Language Models in Few Queries via Disguise and Reconstruction	Link
MART: Improving LLM Safety with Multi-round Automatic Red-Teaming	Link
Query-Efficient Black-Box Red Teaming via Bayesian Optimization	Link
Make Them Spill the Beans! Coercive Knowledge Extraction from (Production) LLMs	Link
CodeChameleon: Personalized Encryption Framework for Jailbreaking Large Language Models	Link

Transferable Attacks

Title	Link
Universal and Transferable Adversarial Attacks on Aligned Language Models	Link
ACG: Accelerated Coordinate Gradient	Link
PAL: Proxy-Guided Black-Box Attack on Large Language Models	Link
AutoDAN: Interpretable Gradient-Based Adversarial Attacks on Large Language Models	Link
Open Sesame! Universal Black Box Jailbreaking of Large Language Models	Link
Jailbreaking Leading Safety-Aligned LLMs with Simple Adaptive Attacks	Link
MASTERKEY: Automated Jailbreaking of Large Language Model Chatbots	Link
AutoDAN: Generating Stealthy Jailbreak Prompts on Aligned Large Language Models	Link
AmpleGCG: Learning a Universal and Transferable Generative Model of Adversarial Suffixes for Jailbreaking Both Open and Closed LLMs	Link
Universal Adversarial Triggers Are Not Universal	Link

Inversion Attacks

Data Inversion

Title	Link
Scalable Extraction of Training Data from (Production) Language Models	Link
Explore, Establish, Exploit: Red Teaming Language Models from Scratch	Link
Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models	Link
Bag of Tricks for Training Data Extraction from Language Models	Link
Controlling the Extraction of Memorized Data from Large Language Models via Prompt-Tuning	Link
Practical Membership Inference Attacks against Fine-tuned Large Language Models via Self-prompt Calibration	Link
Membership Inference Attacks against Language Models via Neighbourhood Comparison	Link

Model Inversion

Title	Link
A Methodology for Formalizing Model-Inversion Attacks	Link
Sok: Model inversion attack landscape: Taxonomy, challenges, and future roadmap.	Link
Model Inversion Attacks that Exploit Confidence Information and Basic Countermeasures	Link
Model Leeching: An Extraction Attack Targeting LLMs	Link
Killing One Bird with Two Stones: Model Extraction and Attribute Inference Attacks against BERT-based APIs	Link
Model Extraction and Adversarial Transferability, Your BERT is Vulnerable!	Link

Prompt Inversion

Title	Link
Language Model Inversion	Link
Effective Prompt Extraction from Language Models	Link
Jailbreaking GPT-4V via Self-Adversarial Attacks with System Prompts	Link

Embedding Inversion

Title	Link
Text Embedding Inversion Security for Multilingual Language Models	Link
Sentence Embedding Leaks More Information than You Expect: Generative Embedding Inversion Attack to Recover the Whole Sentence	Link
Text Embeddings Reveal (Almost) As Much As Text	Link

Side Channel Attacks

Title	Link
Catastrophic Jailbreak of Open-source LLMs via Exploiting Generation	Link
What Was Your Prompt? A Remote Keylogging Attack on AI Assistants	Link
Privacy Side Channels in Machine Learning Systems	Link
Stealing Part of a Production Language Model	Link
Logits of API-Protected LLMs Leak Proprietary Information	Link

Infusion Attack

Title	Link
Not What You've Signed Up For: Compromising Real-World LLM-Integrated Applications with Indirect Prompt Injection	Link
Adversarial Demonstration Attacks on Large Language Models	Link
Poisoning Web-Scale Training Datasets is Practical	Link
Universal Vulnerabilities in Large Language Models: In-context Learning Backdoor Attacks	Link
BadChain: Backdoor Chain-of-Thought Prompting for Large Language Models	Link
Jailbreak and Guard Aligned Language Models with Only Few In-Context Demonstrations	Link
Many-shot jailbreaking	Link

Inference Attack

Latent Space Attack

Title	Link
Backdoor Activation Attack: Attack Large Language Models using Activation Steering for Safety-Alignment	Link
Test-Time Backdoor Attacks on Multimodal Large Language Models	Link
Open the Pandora's Box of LLMs: Jailbreaking LLMs through Representation Engineering	Link
Weak-to-Strong Jailbreaking on Large Language Models	Link
Soft Prompt Threats: Attacking Safety Alignment and Unlearning in Open-Source LLMs through the Embedding Space	Link

Decoding Attack

Title	Link
Fast Adversarial Attacks on Language Models In One GPU Minute	Link

Tokenizer Attack

Title	Link
Training-free Lexical Backdoor Attacks on Language Models	Link

Training Time Attack

Backdoor Attack

Preference Tuning Stage

Title	Link
Universal Jailbreak Backdoors from Poisoned Human Feedback	Link
Best-of-Venom: Attacking RLHF by Injecting Poisoned Preference Data	Link

Instruction Tuning Stage

Title	Link
Instructions as Backdoors: Backdoor Vulnerabilities of Instruction Tuning for Large Language Models	Link
On the Exploitability of Instruction Tuning	Link
Poisoning Language Models During Instruction Tuning	Link
Learning to Poison Large Language Models During Instruction Tuning	Link
Backdooring Instruction-Tuned Large Language Models with Virtual Prompt Injection	Link

Adapters and Model Weights

Title	Link
The Philosopher's Stone: Trojaning Plugins of Large Language Models	Link
Privacy Backdoors: Stealing Data with Corrupted Pretrained Models	Link

Alignment Erasure

Title	Link
Removing RLHF Protections in GPT-4 via Fine-Tuning	Link
Shadow Alignment: The Ease of Subverting Safely-Aligned Language Models	Link
Fine-tuning Aligned Language Models Compromises Safety, Even When Users Do Not Intend To!	Link
LoRA Fine-tuning Efficiently Undoes Safety Training in Llama 2-Chat 70B	Link
Stealthy and Persistent Unalignment on Large Language Models via Backdoor Injections	Link
Language Model Unalignment: Parametric Red-Teaming to Expose Hidden Harms and Biases	Link
Large Language Model Unlearning	Link

Gradient-Based Attacks

Title	Link
Gradient-Based Language Model Red Teaming	Link
Red Teaming Language Models with Language Models	Link
Rapid Optimization for Jailbreaking LLMs via Subconscious Exploitation and Echopraxia	Link
AutoDAN: Interpretable Gradient-Based Adversarial Attacks on Large Language Models	Link
RLPrompt: Optimizing Discrete Text Prompts with Reinforcement Learning	Link
Neural Exec: Learning (and Learning from) Execution Triggers for Prompt Injection Attacks	Link
COLD-Attack: Jailbreaking LLMs with Stealthiness and Controllability	Link
Automatically Auditing Large Language Models via Discrete Optimization	Link
Automatic and Universal Prompt Injection Attacks against Large Language Models	Link
Unveiling the Implicit Toxicity in Large Language Models	Link
Hijacking Large Language Models via Adversarial In-Context Learning	Link
Boosting Jailbreak Attack with Momentum	Link

Defenses

Study	Category	Short Description	Free	Extrinsic
OpenAI Moderation Endpoint	Guardrail	OpenAI Moderations Endpoint	❌	✅
A New Generation of Perspective API: Efficient Multilingual Character-level Transformers	Guardrail	Perspective API's Toxicity API	❌	✅
Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations	Guardrail	Llama Guard	✅	✅
Guardrails AI: Adding guardrails to large language models.	Guardrail	Guardrails AI Validators	✅	✅
NeMo Guardrails: A Toolkit for Controllable and Safe LLM Applications with Programmable Rails	Guardrail	NVIDIA Nemo Guardrail	✅	✅
RigorLLM: Resilient Guardrails for Large Language Models against Undesired Content	Guardrail	RigorLLM (Safe Suffix + Prompt Augmentation + Aggregation)	✅	✅
Robust Safety Classifier for Large Language Models: Adversarial Prompt Shield	Guardrail	Adversarial Prompt Shield Classifier	✅	✅
WildGuard: Open One-Stop Moderation Tools for Safety Risks, Jailbreaks, and Refusals of LLMs	Guardrail	WildGuard	✅	✅
SmoothLLM: Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attacks	Prompting	SmoothLLM (Prompt Augmentation + Aggregation)	✅	✅
Defending ChatGPT against jailbreak attack via self-reminders	Prompting	Self-Reminder	✅	✅
Intention Analysis Prompting Makes Large Language Models A Good Jailbreak Defender	Prompting	Intention Analysis Prompting	✅	✅
Defending LLMs against Jailbreaking Attacks via Backtranslation	Prompting	Backtranslation	✅	✅
Robust Prompt Optimization for Defending Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attacks	Prompting	Safe Suffix	✅	✅
Studious Bob Fight Back Against Jailbreaking via Prompt Adversarial Tuning	Prompting	Safe Prefix	✅	✅
Jailbreaker in Jail: Moving Target Defense for Large Language Models	Prompting	Prompt Augmentation + Auxiliary model	✅	✅
Defending Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks via Semantic Smoothing	Prompting	Prompt Augmentation + Aggregation	✅	✅
Round Trip Translation Defence against Large Language Model Jailbreaking Attacks	Prompting	Prompt Paraphrasing	✅	✅
Detecting Language Model Attacks with Perplexity	Prompting	Perplexity Based Defense	✅	✅
Tiny Refinements Elicit Resilience: Toward Efficient Prefix-Model Against LLM Red-Teaming	Prompting	Rewrites input prompt to safe prompt using a sentinel model	✅	✅
Defensive Prompt Patch: A Robust and Interpretable Defense of LLMs against Jailbreak Attacks	Prompting	Safe Suffix/Prefix (Requires access to log-probabilities)	✅	✅
Protecting Your LLMs with Information Bottleneck	Prompting	Information Bottleneck Protector	✅	✅
Signed-Prompt: A New Approach to Prevent Prompt Injection Attacks Against LLM-Integrated Applications	Prompting/Fine-Tuning	Introduces 'Signed-Prompt' for authorizing sensitive instructions from approved users	✅	✅
SafeDecoding: Defending against Jailbreak Attacks via Safety-Aware Decoding	Decoding	Safety Aware Decoding	✅	✅
Pruning for Protection: Increasing Jailbreak Resistance in Aligned LLMs Without Fine-Tuning	Model Pruning	Uses WANDA Pruning	✅	❌
A safety realignment framework via subspace-oriented model fusion for large language models	Model Merging	Subspace-oriented model fusion	✅	❌
Here's a Free Lunch: Sanitizing Backdoored Models with Model Merge	Model Merging	Model Merging to prevent backdoor attacks	✅	❌
Steering Without Side Effects: Improving Post-Deployment Control of Language Models	Activation Editing	KL-then-steer to decrease side-effects of steering vectors	✅	❌
Catastrophic Jailbreak of Open-source LLMs via Exploiting Generation	Alignment	Generation Aware Alignment	✅	❌
Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreak Attacks via Layer-specific Editing	Alignment	Layer-specific editing	✅	❌
Safety Alignment Should Be Made More Than Just a Few Tokens Deep	Alignment	Regularized fine-tuning objective for deep safety alignment	✅	❌
Defending Large Language Models Against Jailbreaking Attacks Through Goal Prioritization	Alignment	Goal Prioritization during training and inference stage	✅	❌
AEGIS: Online Adaptive AI Content Safety Moderation with Ensemble of LLM Experts	Alignment	Instruction tuning on AEGIS safety dataset	✅	❌
Vaccine: Perturbation-aware Alignment for Large Language Models against Harmful Fine-tuning Attack	Alignment	Adding perturbation to embeddings in alignment phase	✅	❌
Lazy Safety Alignment for Large Language Models against Harmful Fine-tuning	Alignment	Bi-state optimization with constrained drift	✅	❌
Antidote: Post-fine-tuning Safety Alignment for Large Language Models against Harmful Fine-tuning	Alignment	Removes harmful parameters	✅	❌
Booster: Tackling Harmful Fine-tuning for Large Language Models via Attenuating Harmful Perturbation	Alignment	Auxiliary loss to attenuate harmful perturbation	✅	❌
The Instruction Hierarchy: Training LLMs to Prioritize Privileged Instructions	Fine-Tuning	Training with Instruction Hierarchy	✅	❌
Immunization against harmful fine-tuning attacks	Fine-Tuning	Immunization Conditions to prevent against harmful fine-tuning	✅	❌
Mitigating Fine-tuning Jailbreak Attack with Backdoor Enhanced Alignment	Fine-Tuning	Backdoor Enhanced Safety Alignment to prevent against harmful fine-tuning	✅	❌
Representation noising effectively prevents harmful fine-tuning on LLMs	Fine-Tuning	Representation Noising to prevent against harmful fine-tuning	✅	❌
Differentially Private Fine-tuning of Language Models	Fine-Tuning	Differentially Private fine-tuning	✅	❌
Large Language Models Can Be Good Privacy Protection Learners	Fine-Tuning	Privacy Protection Language Models	✅	❌
Defending Against Unforeseen Failure Modes with Latent Adversarial Training	Fine-Tuning	Latent Adversarial Training	✅	❌
From Shortcuts to Triggers: Backdoor Defense with Denoised PoE	Fine-Tuning	Denoised Product-of-Experts for protecting against various kinds of backdoor triggers	✅	❌
Detoxifying Large Language Models via Knowledge Editing	Fine-Tuning	Detoxifying by Knowledge Editing of Toxic Layers	✅	❌
GradSafe: Detecting Jailbreak Prompts for LLMs via Safety-Critical Gradient Analysis	Inspection	Safety-critical parameter gradients analysis	✅	❌
Certifying LLM Safety against Adversarial Prompting	Certification	Erase-and-check framework	✅	✅
PoisonedRAG: Knowledge Poisoning Attacks to Retrieval-Augmented Generation of Large Language Models	Certification	Isolate-then-Aggregate to protect against PoisonedRAGAttack	✅	✅
Quantitative Certification of Bias in Large Language Models	Certification	Bias Certification of LLMs	✅	✅
garak: A Framework for Security Probing Large Language Models	Model Auditing	Garak LLM Vulnerability Scanner	✅	✅
giskard: The Evaluation & Testing framework for LLMs & ML models	Model Auditing	Evaluate Performance, Bias issues in AI applications	✅	✅

---

Other Surveys

Title	Link
SoK: Prompt Hacking of Large Language Models	Link

Red-Teaming

Title	Link
Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?	Link

If you like our work, please consider citing. If you would like to add your work to our taxonomy please open a pull request.

BibTex

@article{verma2024operationalizing,
  title={Operationalizing a Threat Model for Red-Teaming Large Language Models (LLMs)},
  author={Verma, Apurv and Krishna, Satyapriya and Gehrmann, Sebastian and Seshadri, Madhavan and Pradhan, Anu and Ault, Tom and Barrett, Leslie and Rabinowitz, David and Doucette, John and Phan, NhatHai},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.14937},
  year={2024}
}