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Added supervised learning assignment 1.
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anonyknight committed Jun 19, 2024
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Expand Up @@ -36,3 +36,21 @@ The function needs to meet Mercer Condition that it acts as a distance or simila
* Support vectors
* Project data into higher dimensional spaces.
* Kernel check via domain knowledge.

## Boosting

## Boosting Summary

* Margins to generalization & overfitting

* Big is better

* Optimization problem for finding max margins: QPs

* Support vectors

* Kernel trick
$$
X^TY = K(X,y)
$$
Domain knowledge.
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# Computational learning theory

We've *run* a learner

[Mondrain Composition](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Piet_Mondriaan%2C_1930_-_Mondrian_Composition_II_in_Red%2C_Blue%2C_and_Yellow.jpg)
[Colored Vornoi Diagram](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Coloured_Voronoi_2D.svg) Nearest 1-NN

## Learning theory

* Define learning problems
* Showing specific algorithm work
* show these problems are fundamentally hard.

## Resources in machine learning

Theory of computing analyzes how algorithms use resources: time, space.

What resources matter in computational learning theory?

Time, space, **data/samples**

## Defining inductive learning

1. Probability of successful training
2. Number of examples to train on
3. Complexity of hypothesis class
4. Accuracy to which target concept is approximated
5. Manners in which training examples presented
6. Manners in which training examples selected

## Selecting training examples

Learner / Teachers

1. Learner asks questions of teacher C(X)?
2. Teacher gives examples to help learner.
1. Teacher chooses X, tells C(x)
3. Fixed distribution
1. x chosen from D by nature
4. Evil worst distribution.

## Teaching via 20 questions

## Reconstructing hypothesis

* Show what's irrelevant
* Show what's relevant
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# VC Dimensions

[Vapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) dimension](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_dimension)
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# Randomized optimization

Input space X

Objection function (fitness function) f: X->R

Goal: find
$$
x^* from X, f(x^*) = max f(x)
$$
Find the best.

* Rate finding
* Root finding
* Neural networks x is weights minimize error.

## Optimization approaches

Generate & Tests: small input spaces, complex function

Calculus: function has derivative

Newton's method: function has derivative, iterative improve -> single optimium

**what if assumption didn't hold?**

Big input space, complex function, no derivative ( hard to find), possibly many local optima.

## Hill climbing

![UL1_random_hill_climbing.png](../images/UL1_random_hill_climbing.png)

## Simulated Annealing

![UL1_simulated_annealing.png](../images/UL1_simulated_annealing.png)

Metropolis-Hastings

## Genetic algorithms

## Summary

Two problems:

1. These algorithms didn't remember information. How to capture history?

2. Simulated annealing uses Boltzmann distribution. How to capture probability distribution?

e.g.

* TABU search

## MIMIC

* Only points, no structure
* Unclear probability distribution.

Reference: **MIMIC: Finding Optima by estimating probability densities.**

* Directly model of probability distribution
* Successfully define model.

## A probability model

### MIMIC: a probability model
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