[C/C++] Add Clang 17. #968

Job	Run time
C++ GCC 6 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 21s
C++ Clang 9 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 27s
C++ Clang 13 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 13s
C++ GCC 7 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 21s
C++ Xcode (macOS)	1m 53s
C++ Clang 10 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 28s
C++ Clang 14 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 26s
C++ GCC 8 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 26s
C++ Clang 15 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 24s
C++ Clang 11 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 30s
C++ GCC 9 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 20s
C++ Clang 16 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 27s
C++ GCC 11 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 35s
C++ Clang 12 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 33s
C++ GCC 10 (Ubuntu 20.04)	1m 22s
C++ Clang 17 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 18s
C++ GCC 12 (Ubuntu 22.04)	1m 12s
C++ MSVC (Windows) (windows-latest)	3m 0s
C# 3.1.301	2m 12s
Java 8 (ubuntu-22.04)	1m 22s
Rust stable	1m 10s
Java 8 (windows-latest)	3m 53s
Rust beta	45s
Java 17 (ubuntu-22.04)	1m 44s
Rust nightly	49s
Java 17 (windows-latest)	2m 24s
Java 21 (ubuntu-22.04)	1m 31s
Java 21 (windows-latest)	2m 28s
	45m 34s

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