Fix registering global_phase parameters when creating CircuitData (backport #13538)

[mergify]

Summary

Fix a series of bugs caused by not correctly registering the parameters in the CircuitDatas parameter table upon creation. This led to the QuantumCircuit.global_phase attribute not being assigned upon calling assign_parameters. Fixes #13534.

Details and comments

I checked for all constructors that take in a global_phase and tried to add tests for each (e.g. pauli_twirl_2q_gates invokes clone_empty_like).

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This is an automatic backport of pull request #13538 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

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[coveralls]

Pull Request Test Coverage Report for Build 12236498842

Details

• 16 of 16 (100.0%) changed or added relevant lines in 2 files are covered.
• 19 unchanged lines in 3 files lost coverage.
• Overall coverage decreased (-0.02%) to 88.902%

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Files with Coverage Reduction	New Missed Lines	%
crates/qasm2/src/expr.rs	1	94.02%
crates/qasm2/src/lex.rs	6	91.48%
crates/qasm2/src/parse.rs	12	96.23%

Totals
Change from base Build 12184334626:	-0.02%
Covered Lines:	79063
Relevant Lines:	88933

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💛 - Coveralls