taurine's osmolytic effects improve recovery

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@@ -4815,12 +4815,18 @@ <h4>Taurine and Aging</h4>
 
             <h4>Calcium-Regulating Effects</h4>
             <p>
-                Taurine helps the body use and regulate calcium, both intracellularly and by helping shuttle extracellular calcium into bones. 
+                Taurine helps the body use and regulate calcium, both intracellularly, by preventing its excessive entry into neurons and systemically, by helping shuttle extracellular calcium into bones. 
             </p>
             <p> 
-                Taurine's functioning as an osmolyte helps to prevent calcium overload and excitotoxicity, reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and sparing mitochondrial function. <cite class="reflink"><a href="#baliou">Baliou</a></cite>
+                Taurine's functioning as an osmolyte helps to prevent calcium overload, counteracting the adverse effects of glutamate toxicity, reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress, and sparing mitochondrial function. Under excitotoxic conditions (e.g., excess glutamate), intracellular calcium can increase due to NMDA receptor hyperactivity. Taurine’s osmoregulatory effect helps buffer against these sudden ionic shifts and subsequent calcium influx that would otherwise contribute to ER stress and mitochondrial overload.
+<cite class="reflink"><a href="#baliou">Baliou</a>, <a href="#schaffer">Schaffer</a></cite>
             </p>
 
+            <p> 
+	             Taurine influences calcium, including voltage-gated calcium channels, as well as the NMDA receptor channel, by stabilizing membrane potential, or difference in the concentration of electrolytes between the intracellular and extracellular environments, and reducing excitability. This moderates excessive calcium entry into the cell without directly acting as a strong agonist of GABA receptors. <cite class="reflink"><a href="#schaffer">Schaffer</a></cite>
+            </p>
+
+
             <p> 
                  Taurine also uses calcium to help promote differentiation of neural progenitor cells (NPCs), leading to neurite outgrowth (neurogenesis), part of a regulated process in progenitors that allows for beneficial calcium entry without overstimulation, beneficial to the brain and to cognitive health. <cite class="reflink"><a href="#gutierrez-castanada">Gutiérrez-Castañeda</a></cite>
             </p>
@@ -4833,14 +4839,14 @@ <h5>Effects on Bone and Cartilage</h5>
             <p>
                 Taurine's osteogenic effects draw calcium from the blood, reducing excess extracellular calcium from damaging neurons or calcifying arteries. Because excess extracellular calcium can contribute to neuronal intracellular calcium overload, taurine's effects on intracellular and extracellular calcium strongly supports mitochondrial protection and neuronal health in PD. <cite class="reflink"><a href="#w-q-chen">W Q Chen</a></cite>
             </p>
-
-            <p>
-                Taurine's calcium-regulating effects in both skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue significantly improves several performance metrics, including muscle force, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. 
-            </p>
 
             <h4>Ergogenic Effects</h4>
             <p>
-                 A 2020 review found taurine supplementation improved anaerobic and aerobic performance metrics, including VO2 max, time to exhaustion, muscle damage, peak power, and recovery.<cite class="reflink"><a href="#kurtz">Kurtz</a></cite>
+                 Taurine's calcium-regulating effects in both skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue significantly improves several performance metrics, including muscle force, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. A 2020 review found taurine supplementation improved anaerobic and aerobic performance metrics, including VO2 max, time to exhaustion, muscle damage, peak power, and recovery. <cite class="reflink"><a href="#kurtz">Kurtz</a></cite>
+            </p>
+
+            <p>
+	            Taurine's osmolytic effects stabilize cell membranes and regulate electrolyte balance, which helps restore muscle cells to their resting state after intense physical activity. This stabilizing effect reduces muscle fatigue and oxidative stress post-exercise, improving exercise recovery.
             </p>
 
             <h4>Supplementation</h4>
@@ -4861,6 +4867,12 @@ <h4>Supplementation</h4>
                     target="_blank"
                     >Taurine deficiency as a driver of aging</a>, Parminder Singh, et al.
                 </li>
+                <li id="schaffer">
+                    <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5933890/"
+                    title="Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a Therapeutic Agent"
+                    target="_blank"
+                    >Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a Therapeutic Agent</a>, Stephen Schaffer, Ha Won Kim.
+                </li>
                 <li id="baliou">
                     <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8240184/"
                     title="Protective role of taurine against oxidative stress"