[analyzer] Consolidate array bound checkers (llvm#125534)

Before this commit, there were two alpha checkers that used different
algorithms/logic for detecting out of bounds memory access: the old
`alpha.security.ArrayBound` and the experimental, more complex
`alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2`.

After lots of quality improvement commits ArrayBoundV2 is now stable
enough to be moved out of the alpha stage. As indexing (and dereference)
are common operations, it still produces a significant amount of false
positives, but not much more than e.g. `core.NullDereference` or
`core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult`, so it should be acceptable as a
non-`core` checker.

At this point `alpha.security.ArrayBound` became obsolete (there is a
better tool for the same task), so I'm removing it from the codebase.
With this I can eliminate the ugly "V2" version mark almost everywhere
and rename `alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2` to `security.ArrayBound`.

(The version mark is preserved in the filename "ArrayBoundCheckerV2", to
ensure a clear git history. I'll rename it to "ArrayBoundChecker.cpp" in
a separate commit.)

This commit adapts the unit tests of `alpha.security.ArrayBound` to
testing the new `security.ArrayBound` (= old ArrayBoundV2). Currently
the names of the test files are very haphazard, I'll probably create a
separate followup commit that consolidates this.

clang/docs/ReleaseNotes.rst

@@ -263,6 +263,11 @@ Improvements
 Moved checkers
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
+- After lots of improvements, the checker ``alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2`` is
+  renamed to ``security.ArrayBound``. As this checker is stable now, the old
+  checker ``alpha.security.ArrayBound`` (which was searching for the same kind
+  of bugs with an different, simpler and less accurate algorithm) is removed.
+
 .. _release-notes-sanitizers:
 
 Sanitizers

clang/docs/analyzer/checkers.rst

@@ -1332,10 +1332,69 @@ security
 
 Security related checkers.
 
+.. _security-ArrayBound:
+
+security.ArrayBound (C, C++)
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+Report out of bounds access to memory that is before the start or after the end
+of the accessed region (array, heap-allocated region, string literal etc.).
+This usually means incorrect indexing, but the checker also detects access via
+the operators ``*`` and ``->``.
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ void test_underflow(int x) {
+   int buf[100][100];
+   if (x < 0)
+     buf[0][x] = 1; // warn
+ }
+
+ void test_overflow() {
+   int buf[100];
+   int *p = buf + 100;
+   *p = 1; // warn
+ }
+
+If checkers like :ref:`unix-Malloc` or :ref:`cplusplus-NewDelete` are enabled
+to model the behavior of ``malloc()``, ``operator new`` and similar
+allocators), then this checker can also reports out of bounds access to
+dynamically allocated memory:
+
+.. code-block:: cpp
+
+ int *test_dynamic() {
+   int *mem = new int[100];
+   mem[-1] = 42; // warn
+   return mem;
+ }
+
+In uncertain situations (when the checker can neither prove nor disprove that
+overflow occurs), the checker assumes that the the index (more precisely, the
+memory offeset) is within bounds.
+
+However, if :ref:`optin-taint-GenericTaint` is enabled and the index/offset is
+tainted (i.e. it is influenced by an untrusted souce), then this checker
+reports the potential out of bounds access:
+
+.. code-block:: c
+
+ void test_with_tainted_index() {
+   char s[] = "abc";
+   int x = getchar();
+   char c = s[x]; // warn: potential out of bounds access with tainted index
+ }
+
+.. note::
+
+  This checker is an improved and renamed version of the checker that was
+  previously known as ``alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2``. The old checker
+  ``alpha.security.ArrayBound`` was removed when the (previously
+  "experimental") V2 variant became stable enough for regular use.
+
 .. _security-cert-env-InvalidPtr:
 
 security.cert.env.InvalidPtr
-""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
 
 Corresponds to SEI CERT Rules `ENV31-C <https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/ENV31-C.+Do+not+rely+on+an+environment+pointer+following+an+operation+that+may+invalidate+it>`_ and `ENV34-C <https://wiki.sei.cmu.edu/confluence/display/c/ENV34-C.+Do+not+store+pointers+returned+by+certain+functions>`_.
 
@@ -3216,78 +3275,6 @@ Warns against using one vs. many plural pattern in code when generating localize
 alpha.security
 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
 
-.. _alpha-security-ArrayBound:
-
-alpha.security.ArrayBound (C)
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
-Warn about buffer overflows (older checker).
-
-.. code-block:: c
-
- void test() {
-   char *s = "";
-   char c = s[1]; // warn
- }
-
- struct seven_words {
-   int c[7];
- };
-
- void test() {
-   struct seven_words a, *p;
-   p = &a;
-   p[0] = a;
-   p[1] = a;
-   p[2] = a; // warn
- }
-
- // note: requires unix.Malloc or
- // alpha.unix.MallocWithAnnotations checks enabled.
- void test() {
-   int *p = malloc(12);
-   p[3] = 4; // warn
- }
-
- void test() {
-   char a[2];
-   int *b = (int*)a;
-   b[1] = 3; // warn
- }
-
-.. _alpha-security-ArrayBoundV2:
-
-alpha.security.ArrayBoundV2 (C)
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
-Warn about buffer overflows (newer checker).
-
-.. code-block:: c
-
- void test() {
-   char *s = "";
-   char c = s[1]; // warn
- }
-
- void test() {
-   int buf[100];
-   int *p = buf;
-   p = p + 99;
-   p[1] = 1; // warn
- }
-
- // note: compiler has internal check for this.
- // Use -Wno-array-bounds to suppress compiler warning.
- void test() {
-   int buf[100][100];
-   buf[0][-1] = 1; // warn
- }
-
- // note: requires optin.taint check turned on.
- void test() {
-   char s[] = "abc";
-   int x = getchar();
-   char c = s[x]; // warn: index is tainted
- }
-
 .. _alpha-security-ReturnPtrRange:
 
 alpha.security.ReturnPtrRange (C)

clang/include/clang/StaticAnalyzer/Checkers/Checkers.td

@@ -989,30 +989,41 @@ def decodeValueOfObjCType : Checker<"decodeValueOfObjCType">,
 
 let ParentPackage = Security in {
 
-def FloatLoopCounter : Checker<"FloatLoopCounter">,
-  HelpText<"Warn on using a floating point value as a loop counter (CERT: "
-           "FLP30-C, FLP30-CPP)">,
-  Dependencies<[SecuritySyntaxChecker]>,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
-def MmapWriteExecChecker : Checker<"MmapWriteExec">,
-  HelpText<"Warn on mmap() calls with both writable and executable access">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
-def PointerSubChecker : Checker<"PointerSub">,
-  HelpText<"Check for pointer subtractions on two pointers pointing to "
-           "different memory chunks">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
-def PutenvStackArray : Checker<"PutenvStackArray">,
-  HelpText<"Finds calls to the function 'putenv' which pass a pointer to "
-           "an automatic (stack-allocated) array as the argument.">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
-def SetgidSetuidOrderChecker : Checker<"SetgidSetuidOrder">,
-  HelpText<"Warn on possible reversed order of 'setgid(getgid()))' and "
-           "'setuid(getuid())' (CERT: POS36-C)">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+  def ArrayBoundChecker : Checker<"ArrayBound">,
+                          HelpText<"Warn about out of bounds access to memory">,
+                          Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+
+  def FloatLoopCounter
+      : Checker<"FloatLoopCounter">,
+        HelpText<
+            "Warn on using a floating point value as a loop counter (CERT: "
+            "FLP30-C, FLP30-CPP)">,
+        Dependencies<[SecuritySyntaxChecker]>,
+        Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+
+  def MmapWriteExecChecker
+      : Checker<"MmapWriteExec">,
+        HelpText<
+            "Warn on mmap() calls with both writable and executable access">,
+        Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+
+  def PointerSubChecker
+      : Checker<"PointerSub">,
+        HelpText<"Check for pointer subtractions on two pointers pointing to "
+                 "different memory chunks">,
+        Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+
+  def PutenvStackArray
+      : Checker<"PutenvStackArray">,
+        HelpText<"Finds calls to the function 'putenv' which pass a pointer to "
+                 "an automatic (stack-allocated) array as the argument.">,
+        Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
+
+  def SetgidSetuidOrderChecker
+      : Checker<"SetgidSetuidOrder">,
+        HelpText<"Warn on possible reversed order of 'setgid(getgid()))' and "
+                 "'setuid(getuid())' (CERT: POS36-C)">,
+        Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
 
 } // end "security"
 
@@ -1035,14 +1046,6 @@ let ParentPackage = ENV in {
 
 let ParentPackage = SecurityAlpha in {
 
-def ArrayBoundChecker : Checker<"ArrayBound">,
-  HelpText<"Warn about buffer overflows (older checker)">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
-def ArrayBoundCheckerV2 : Checker<"ArrayBoundV2">,
-  HelpText<"Warn about buffer overflows (newer checker)">,
-  Documentation<HasDocumentation>;
-
 def ReturnPointerRangeChecker : Checker<"ReturnPtrRange">,
   HelpText<"Check for an out-of-bound pointer being returned to callers">,
   Documentation<HasDocumentation>;