[O2B-1434] Replace center-of-mass energy image by <math> tag

[martinboulais]

I have a JIRA ticket

• branch and/or PR name(s) include(s) JIRA ID
• issue has "Fix version" assigned
• issue "Status" is set to "In review"
• PR labels are selected

Notable changes for users:

• Center of mass energy is now a native HTML tag

Notable changes for developers:

• N/A

Changes made to the database:

• N/A

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 44.40%. Comparing base (4b629d2) to head (5f6b4ba).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #1864      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   44.57%   44.40%   -0.18%     
==========================================
  Files        1010     1010              
  Lines       16959    16959              
  Branches     3046     3046              
==========================================
- Hits         7560     7530      -30     
- Misses       9399     9429      +30     

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