-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 1
/
Copy path目录.html
1647 lines (1503 loc) · 56 KB
/
目录.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<title>目录 | 医学研究中的生存数据建模</title>
<meta name="author" content="Wang Zhen">
<meta name="description" content="生存分析 1.1 生存分析的应用 1.2 生存数据的特殊特征 1.2.1 删失 1.2.2 独立删失 1.2.3 研究时间和患者时间 1.3 一些示例 1.4 生存函数，风险函数和累积风险函数 1.4.1 生存函数 1.4.2 风险函数 1.4.3 累积风险函数 1.5 用于生存分析的计算机软件 1.6 延伸阅读 一些非参数程序 2.1 估计生存函数 2.1.1 生存函数的生命表估计...">
<meta name="generator" content="bookdown 0.38 with bs4_book()">
<meta property="og:title" content="目录 | 医学研究中的生存数据建模">
<meta property="og:type" content="book">
<meta property="og:description" content="生存分析 1.1 生存分析的应用 1.2 生存数据的特殊特征 1.2.1 删失 1.2.2 独立删失 1.2.3 研究时间和患者时间 1.3 一些示例 1.4 生存函数，风险函数和累积风险函数 1.4.1 生存函数 1.4.2 风险函数 1.4.3 累积风险函数 1.5 用于生存分析的计算机软件 1.6 延伸阅读 一些非参数程序 2.1 估计生存函数 2.1.1 生存函数的生命表估计...">
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary">
<meta name="twitter:title" content="目录 | 医学研究中的生存数据建模">
<meta name="twitter:description" content="生存分析 1.1 生存分析的应用 1.2 生存数据的特殊特征 1.2.1 删失 1.2.2 独立删失 1.2.3 研究时间和患者时间 1.3 一些示例 1.4 生存函数，风险函数和累积风险函数 1.4.1 生存函数 1.4.2 风险函数 1.4.3 累积风险函数 1.5 用于生存分析的计算机软件 1.6 延伸阅读 一些非参数程序 2.1 估计生存函数 2.1.1 生存函数的生命表估计...">
<!-- JS --><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/clipboard.js/2.0.6/clipboard.min.js" integrity="sha256-inc5kl9MA1hkeYUt+EC3BhlIgyp/2jDIyBLS6k3UxPI=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/fuse.js/6.4.6/fuse.js" integrity="sha512-zv6Ywkjyktsohkbp9bb45V6tEMoWhzFzXis+LrMehmJZZSys19Yxf1dopHx7WzIKxr5tK2dVcYmaCk2uqdjF4A==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/6ecbd6c532.js" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="libs/jquery-3.6.0/jquery-3.6.0.min.js"></script><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<link href="libs/bootstrap-4.6.0/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="libs/bootstrap-4.6.0/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/transition.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/tabs.js"></script><script src="libs/bs3compat-0.7.0/bs3compat.js"></script><link href="libs/bs4_book-1.0.0/bs4_book.css" rel="stylesheet">
<script src="libs/bs4_book-1.0.0/bs4_book.js"></script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: transition.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#transitions
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// CSS TRANSITION SUPPORT (Shoutout: http://www.modernizr.com/)
// ============================================================
function transitionEnd() {
var el = document.createElement('bootstrap')
var transEndEventNames = {
WebkitTransition : 'webkitTransitionEnd',
MozTransition : 'transitionend',
OTransition : 'oTransitionEnd otransitionend',
transition : 'transitionend'
}
for (var name in transEndEventNames) {
if (el.style[name] !== undefined) {
return { end: transEndEventNames[name] }
}
}
return false // explicit for ie8 ( ._.)
}
// http://blog.alexmaccaw.com/css-transitions
$.fn.emulateTransitionEnd = function (duration) {
var called = false
var $el = this
$(this).one('bsTransitionEnd', function () { called = true })
var callback = function () { if (!called) $($el).trigger($.support.transition.end) }
setTimeout(callback, duration)
return this
}
$(function () {
$.support.transition = transitionEnd()
if (!$.support.transition) return
$.event.special.bsTransitionEnd = {
bindType: $.support.transition.end,
delegateType: $.support.transition.end,
handle: function (e) {
if ($(e.target).is(this)) return e.handleObj.handler.apply(this, arguments)
}
}
})
}(jQuery);
</script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: collapse.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#collapse
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
/* jshint latedef: false */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// COLLAPSE PUBLIC CLASS DEFINITION
// ================================
var Collapse = function (element, options) {
this.$element = $(element)
this.options = $.extend({}, Collapse.DEFAULTS, options)
this.$trigger = $('[data-toggle="collapse"][href="#' + element.id + '"],' +
'[data-toggle="collapse"][data-target="#' + element.id + '"]')
this.transitioning = null
if (this.options.parent) {
this.$parent = this.getParent()
} else {
this.addAriaAndCollapsedClass(this.$element, this.$trigger)
}
if (this.options.toggle) this.toggle()
}
Collapse.VERSION = '3.3.7'
Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION = 350
Collapse.DEFAULTS = {
toggle: true
}
Collapse.prototype.dimension = function () {
var hasWidth = this.$element.hasClass('width')
return hasWidth ? 'width' : 'height'
}
Collapse.prototype.show = function () {
if (this.transitioning || this.$element.hasClass('in')) return
var activesData
var actives = this.$parent && this.$parent.children('.panel').children('.in, .collapsing')
if (actives && actives.length) {
activesData = actives.data('bs.collapse')
if (activesData && activesData.transitioning) return
}
var startEvent = $.Event('show.bs.collapse')
this.$element.trigger(startEvent)
if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return
if (actives && actives.length) {
Plugin.call(actives, 'hide')
activesData || actives.data('bs.collapse', null)
}
var dimension = this.dimension()
this.$element
.removeClass('collapse')
.addClass('collapsing')[dimension](0)
.attr('aria-expanded', true)
this.$trigger
.removeClass('collapsed')
.attr('aria-expanded', true)
this.transitioning = 1
var complete = function () {
this.$element
.removeClass('collapsing')
.addClass('collapse in')[dimension]('')
this.transitioning = 0
this.$element
.trigger('shown.bs.collapse')
}
if (!$.support.transition) return complete.call(this)
var scrollSize = $.camelCase(['scroll', dimension].join('-'))
this.$element
.one('bsTransitionEnd', $.proxy(complete, this))
.emulateTransitionEnd(Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION)[dimension](this.$element[0][scrollSize])
}
Collapse.prototype.hide = function () {
if (this.transitioning || !this.$element.hasClass('in')) return
var startEvent = $.Event('hide.bs.collapse')
this.$element.trigger(startEvent)
if (startEvent.isDefaultPrevented()) return
var dimension = this.dimension()
this.$element[dimension](this.$element[dimension]())[0].offsetHeight
this.$element
.addClass('collapsing')
.removeClass('collapse in')
.attr('aria-expanded', false)
this.$trigger
.addClass('collapsed')
.attr('aria-expanded', false)
this.transitioning = 1
var complete = function () {
this.transitioning = 0
this.$element
.removeClass('collapsing')
.addClass('collapse')
.trigger('hidden.bs.collapse')
}
if (!$.support.transition) return complete.call(this)
this.$element
[dimension](0)
.one('bsTransitionEnd', $.proxy(complete, this))
.emulateTransitionEnd(Collapse.TRANSITION_DURATION)
}
Collapse.prototype.toggle = function () {
this[this.$element.hasClass('in') ? 'hide' : 'show']()
}
Collapse.prototype.getParent = function () {
return $(this.options.parent)
.find('[data-toggle="collapse"][data-parent="' + this.options.parent + '"]')
.each($.proxy(function (i, element) {
var $element = $(element)
this.addAriaAndCollapsedClass(getTargetFromTrigger($element), $element)
}, this))
.end()
}
Collapse.prototype.addAriaAndCollapsedClass = function ($element, $trigger) {
var isOpen = $element.hasClass('in')
$element.attr('aria-expanded', isOpen)
$trigger
.toggleClass('collapsed', !isOpen)
.attr('aria-expanded', isOpen)
}
function getTargetFromTrigger($trigger) {
var href
var target = $trigger.attr('data-target')
|| (href = $trigger.attr('href')) && href.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]+$)/, '') // strip for ie7
return $(target)
}
// COLLAPSE PLUGIN DEFINITION
// ==========================
function Plugin(option) {
return this.each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var data = $this.data('bs.collapse')
var options = $.extend({}, Collapse.DEFAULTS, $this.data(), typeof option == 'object' && option)
if (!data && options.toggle && /show|hide/.test(option)) options.toggle = false
if (!data) $this.data('bs.collapse', (data = new Collapse(this, options)))
if (typeof option == 'string') data[option]()
})
}
var old = $.fn.collapse
$.fn.collapse = Plugin
$.fn.collapse.Constructor = Collapse
// COLLAPSE NO CONFLICT
// ====================
$.fn.collapse.noConflict = function () {
$.fn.collapse = old
return this
}
// COLLAPSE DATA-API
// =================
$(document).on('click.bs.collapse.data-api', '[data-toggle="collapse"]', function (e) {
var $this = $(this)
if (!$this.attr('data-target')) e.preventDefault()
var $target = getTargetFromTrigger($this)
var data = $target.data('bs.collapse')
var option = data ? 'toggle' : $this.data()
Plugin.call($target, option)
})
}(jQuery);
</script><script>
window.initializeCodeFolding = function(show) {
// handlers for show-all and hide all
$("#rmd-show-all-code").click(function() {
$('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {
$(this).collapse('show');
});
});
$("#rmd-hide-all-code").click(function() {
$('div.r-code-collapse').each(function() {
$(this).collapse('hide');
});
});
// index for unique code element ids
var currentIndex = 1;
// select all R code blocks
var rCodeBlocks = $('pre.sourceCode, pre.r, pre.python, pre.bash, pre.sql, pre.cpp, pre.stan, pre.js');
rCodeBlocks.each(function() {
// create a collapsable div to wrap the code in
var div = $('<div class="collapse r-code-collapse"></div>');
if (show)
div.addClass('in');
var id = 'rcode-643E0F36' + currentIndex++;
div.attr('id', id);
$(this).before(div);
$(this).detach().appendTo(div);
// add a show code button right above
var showCodeText = $('<span>' + (show ? 'Hide' : 'Code') + '</span>');
var showCodeButton = $('<button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs code-folding-btn pull-right"></button>');
showCodeButton.append(showCodeText);
showCodeButton
.attr('data-toggle', 'collapse')
.attr('data-target', '#' + id)
.attr('aria-expanded', show)
.attr('aria-controls', id);
var buttonRow = $('<div class="row"></div>');
var buttonCol = $('<div class="col-md-12"></div>');
buttonCol.append(showCodeButton);
buttonRow.append(buttonCol);
div.before(buttonRow);
// update state of button on show/hide
div.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function () {
showCodeText.text('Code');
});
div.on('show.bs.collapse', function () {
showCodeText.text('Hide');
});
});
}
</script><script>
/* ========================================================================
* Bootstrap: dropdown.js v3.3.7
* http://getbootstrap.com/javascript/#dropdowns
* ========================================================================
* Copyright 2011-2016 Twitter, Inc.
* Licensed under MIT (https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/blob/master/LICENSE)
* ======================================================================== */
+function ($) {
'use strict';
// DROPDOWN CLASS DEFINITION
// =========================
var backdrop = '.dropdown-backdrop'
var toggle = '[data-toggle="dropdown"]'
var Dropdown = function (element) {
$(element).on('click.bs.dropdown', this.toggle)
}
Dropdown.VERSION = '3.3.7'
function getParent($this) {
var selector = $this.attr('data-target')
if (!selector) {
selector = $this.attr('href')
selector = selector && /#[A-Za-z]/.test(selector) && selector.replace(/.*(?=#[^\s]*$)/, '') // strip for ie7
}
var $parent = selector && $(selector)
return $parent && $parent.length ? $parent : $this.parent()
}
function clearMenus(e) {
if (e && e.which === 3) return
$(backdrop).remove()
$(toggle).each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var $parent = getParent($this)
var relatedTarget = { relatedTarget: this }
if (!$parent.hasClass('open')) return
if (e && e.type == 'click' && /input|textarea/i.test(e.target.tagName) && $.contains($parent[0], e.target)) return
$parent.trigger(e = $.Event('hide.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return
$this.attr('aria-expanded', 'false')
$parent.removeClass('open').trigger($.Event('hidden.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
})
}
Dropdown.prototype.toggle = function (e) {
var $this = $(this)
if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return
var $parent = getParent($this)
var isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')
clearMenus()
if (!isActive) {
if ('ontouchstart' in document.documentElement && !$parent.closest('.navbar-nav').length) {
// if mobile we use a backdrop because click events don't delegate
$(document.createElement('div'))
.addClass('dropdown-backdrop')
.insertAfter($(this))
.on('click', clearMenus)
}
var relatedTarget = { relatedTarget: this }
$parent.trigger(e = $.Event('show.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
if (e.isDefaultPrevented()) return
$this
.trigger('focus')
.attr('aria-expanded', 'true')
$parent
.toggleClass('open')
.trigger($.Event('shown.bs.dropdown', relatedTarget))
}
return false
}
Dropdown.prototype.keydown = function (e) {
if (!/(38|40|27|32)/.test(e.which) || /input|textarea/i.test(e.target.tagName)) return
var $this = $(this)
e.preventDefault()
e.stopPropagation()
if ($this.is('.disabled, :disabled')) return
var $parent = getParent($this)
var isActive = $parent.hasClass('open')
if (!isActive && e.which != 27 || isActive && e.which == 27) {
if (e.which == 27) $parent.find(toggle).trigger('focus')
return $this.trigger('click')
}
var desc = ' li:not(.disabled):visible a'
var $items = $parent.find('.dropdown-menu' + desc)
if (!$items.length) return
var index = $items.index(e.target)
if (e.which == 38 && index > 0) index-- // up
if (e.which == 40 && index < $items.length - 1) index++ // down
if (!~index) index = 0
$items.eq(index).trigger('focus')
}
// DROPDOWN PLUGIN DEFINITION
// ==========================
function Plugin(option) {
return this.each(function () {
var $this = $(this)
var data = $this.data('bs.dropdown')
if (!data) $this.data('bs.dropdown', (data = new Dropdown(this)))
if (typeof option == 'string') data[option].call($this)
})
}
var old = $.fn.dropdown
$.fn.dropdown = Plugin
$.fn.dropdown.Constructor = Dropdown
// DROPDOWN NO CONFLICT
// ====================
$.fn.dropdown.noConflict = function () {
$.fn.dropdown = old
return this
}
// APPLY TO STANDARD DROPDOWN ELEMENTS
// ===================================
$(document)
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', clearMenus)
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown form', function (e) { e.stopPropagation() })
.on('click.bs.dropdown.data-api', toggle, Dropdown.prototype.toggle)
.on('keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api', toggle, Dropdown.prototype.keydown)
.on('keydown.bs.dropdown.data-api', '.dropdown-menu', Dropdown.prototype.keydown)
}(jQuery);
</script><style type="text/css">
.code-folding-btn { margin-bottom: 4px; }
.row { display: flex; }
.collapse { display: none; }
.in { display:block }
.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {
right: 0;
left: auto;
}
.open > .dropdown-menu {
display: block;
}
.dropdown-menu {
position: absolute;
top: 100%;
left: 0;
z-index: 1000;
display: none;
float: left;
min-width: 160px;
padding: 5px 0;
margin: 2px 0 0;
font-size: 14px;
text-align: left;
list-style: none;
background-color: #fff;
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box;
background-clip: padding-box;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border: 1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.15);
border-radius: 4px;
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175);
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.175);
}
</style>
<script>
$(document).ready(function () {
window.initializeCodeFolding("show" === "show");
});
</script><script>
document.write('<div class="btn-group pull-right" style="position: absolute; top: 20%; right: 2%; z-index: 200"><button type="button" class="btn btn-default btn-xs dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="true" data-_extension-text-contrast=""><span>Code</span> <span class="caret"></span></button><ul class="dropdown-menu" style="min-width: 50px;"><li><a id="rmd-show-all-code" href="#">Show All Code</a></li><li><a id="rmd-hide-all-code" href="#">Hide All Code</a></li></ul></div>')
</script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/autocomplete.js/0.38.0/autocomplete.jquery.min.js" integrity="sha512-GU9ayf+66Xx2TmpxqJpliWbT5PiGYxpaG8rfnBEk1LL8l1KGkRShhngwdXK1UgqhAzWpZHSiYPc09/NwDQIGyg==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mark.js/8.11.1/mark.min.js" integrity="sha512-5CYOlHXGh6QpOFA/TeTylKLWfB3ftPsde7AnmhuitiTX4K5SqCLBeKro6sPS8ilsz1Q4NRx3v8Ko2IBiszzdww==" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><!-- CSS --><style type="text/css">
div.hanging-indent{margin-left: 1.5em; text-indent: -1.5em;}
</style>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
</head>
<body data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc">
<div class="container-fluid">
<div class="row">
<header class="col-sm-12 col-lg-3 sidebar sidebar-book"><a class="sr-only sr-only-focusable" href="#content">Skip to main content</a>
<div class="d-flex align-items-start justify-content-between">
<h1>
<a href="index.html" title="">医学研究中的生存数据建模</a>
</h1>
<button class="btn btn-outline-primary d-lg-none ml-2 mt-1" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#main-nav" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="main-nav"><i class="fas fa-bars"></i><span class="sr-only">Show table of contents</span></button>
</div>
<div id="main-nav" class="collapse-lg">
<form role="search">
<input id="search" class="form-control" type="search" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search">
</form>
<nav aria-label="Table of contents"><h2>Table of contents</h2>
<ul class="book-toc list-unstyled">
<li><a class="" href="index.html">前言</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85%E4%BB%8B%E7%BB%8D.html">作者介绍</a></li>
<li><a class="active" href="%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95.html">目录</a></li>
<li class="book-part">正文</li>
<li><a class="" href="chap1.html"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> 生存分析</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap2.html"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> 一些非参数程序</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap3.html"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Cox 回归模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html">►Cox 回归模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap4.html"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> Cox 回归模型的模型检查</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap5.html"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> 参数回归模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html">►参数回归模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap6.html"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> 灵活的参数模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap7.html"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> 参数模型的模型检查</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap8.html"><span class="header-section-number">8</span> 时依变量</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap9.html"><span class="header-section-number">9</span> 区间删失生存数据</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap10.html"><span class="header-section-number">10</span> 脆弱模型</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap11.html"><span class="header-section-number">11</span> 非比例风险和机构的比较</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap12.html"><span class="header-section-number">12</span> 竞争风险</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap13.html"><span class="header-section-number">13</span> 多次事件和事件史分析</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap14.html"><span class="header-section-number">14</span> 相依删失</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap15.html"><span class="header-section-number">15</span> 生存研究的样本量要求</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap16.html"><span class="header-section-number">16</span> 贝叶斯生存分析</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="chap17.html"><span class="header-section-number">17</span> 使用 R 进行生存分析</a></li>
<li class="book-part">附录</li>
<li><a class="" href="A.html"><span class="header-section-number">A</span> 最大似然估计</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="B.html"><span class="header-section-number">B</span> 额外数据集</a></li>
<li class="book-part">—</li>
<li><a class="" href="bib.html">参考书目</a></li>
<li><a class="" href="exm.html">示例索引</a></li>
</ul>
<div class="book-extra">
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</header><main class="col-sm-12 col-md-9 col-lg-7" id="content"><div id="目录" class="section level1 unnumbered">
<h1>目录<a class="anchor" aria-label="anchor" href="#%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95"><i class="fas fa-link"></i></a>
</h1>
<ol style="list-style-type: decimal">
<li>
<a href="chap1.html#chap1">生存分析</a>
<ul>
<li>1.1 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-1">生存分析的应用</a>
</li>
<li>1.2 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-2">生存数据的特殊特征</a>
<ul>
<li>1.2.1 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-2-1">删失</a>
</li>
<li>1.2.2 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-2-2">独立删失</a>
</li>
<li>1.2.3 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-2-3">研究时间和患者时间</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>1.3 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-3">一些示例</a>
</li>
<li>1.4 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-4">生存函数，风险函数和累积风险函数</a>
<ul>
<li>1.4.1 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-4-1">生存函数</a>
</li>
<li>1.4.2 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-4-2">风险函数</a>
</li>
<li>1.4.3 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-4-3">累积风险函数</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>1.5 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-5">用于生存分析的计算机软件</a>
</li>
<li>1.6 <a href="chap1.html#sec1-6">延伸阅读</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="chap2.html#chap2">一些非参数程序</a>
<ul>
<li>2.1 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-1">估计生存函数</a>
<ul>
<li>2.1.1 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-1-1">生存函数的生命表估计</a>
</li>
<li>2.1.2 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-1-2">生存函数的 Kaplan-Meier 估计</a>
</li>
<li>2.1.3 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-1-3">生存函数的 Nelson-Aalen 估计</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2.2 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-2">生存函数估计的标准误</a>
<ul>
<li>2.2.1 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-2-1">Kaplan-Meier 估计的标准误</a>
</li>
<li>2.2.2 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-2-2">其他估计的标准误</a>
</li>
<li>2.2.3 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-2-3">生存函数的置信区间</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2.3 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-3">估计风险函数</a>
<ul>
<li>2.3.1 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-3-1">风险函数的生命表估计</a>
</li>
<li>2.3.2 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-3-2">Kaplan-Meier 型估计</a>
</li>
<li>2.3.3 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-3-3">估计累积风险函数</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2.4 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-4">估计生存时间的中位数和百分位数</a>
</li>
<li>2.5 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-5">中位数和百分位数的置信区间</a>
</li>
<li>2.6 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6">两组生存数据的比较</a>
<ul>
<li>2.6.1 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6-1">两组生存数据的比较</a>
</li>
<li>2.6.2 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6-2">log-rank 检验</a>
</li>
<li>2.6.3 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6-3">Wilcoxon 检验</a>
</li>
<li>2.6.4 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6-4">Peto-Peto 检验</a>
</li>
<li>2.6.5 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-6-5">log-rank 检验、Wilcoxon 检验和 Peto-Peto 检验的比较</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2.7 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-7">三组或更多组生存数据的比较</a>
</li>
<li>2.8 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-8">分层检验</a>
</li>
<li>2.9 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-9">log-rank 趋势检验</a>
</li>
<li>2.10 <a href="chap2.html#sec2-10">延伸阅读</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="chap3.html#chap3">Cox 回归模型</a>
<ul>
<li>3.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-1">风险函数建模</a>
<ul>
<li>3.1.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-1-1">用于两组比较的模型</a>
</li>
<li>3.1.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-1-2">一般比例风险模型</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-2">模型的线性部分</a>
<ul>
<li>3.2.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-2-1">纳入一个变量</a>
</li>
<li>3.2.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-2-2">纳入一个因素</a>
</li>
<li>3.2.3 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-2-3">纳入一个交互作用</a>
</li>
<li>3.2.4 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-2-4">纳入一个混合项</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.3 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-3">拟合 Cox 回归模型</a>
<ul>
<li>3.3.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-3-1">模型的似然函数</a>
</li>
<li>3.3.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-3-2">结的处理</a>
</li>
<li>3.3.3 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-3-3">Newton-Raphson 程序</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.4 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-4">置信区间和假设检验</a>
<ul>
<li>3.4.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-4-1">风险比的标准误和置信区间</a>
</li>
<li>3.4.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-4-2">两个示例</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.5 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-5">比较替代模型</a>
<ul>
<li>3.5.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-5-1"><span class="math inline">\(-2\log\hat{L}\)</span> 统计量</a>
</li>
<li>3.5.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-5-2">比较嵌套模型</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.6 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-6">模型选择策略</a>
<ul>
<li>3.6.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-6-1">变量选择程序</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.7 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-7">使用 lasso 进行变量选择</a>
<ul>
<li>3.7.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-7-1">Cox 回归中的 lasso</a>
</li>
<li>3.7.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-7-2">数据准备</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.8 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-8">非线性项</a>
<ul>
<li>3.8.1 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-8-1">非线性检验</a>
</li>
<li>3.8.2 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-8-2">非线性建模</a>
</li>
<li>3.8.3 <a href="chap3.html#sec3-8-3">分数多项式</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.9 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-9">参数估计的解释</a>
<ul>
<li>3.9.1 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-9-1">具有一个变量的模型</a>
</li>
<li>3.9.2 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-9-2">估计风险函数和生存函数</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.10 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-10">参数估计的解释</a>
<ul>
<li>3.10.1 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-10-1">无协变量的特例</a>
</li>
<li>3.10.2 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-10-2">基线函数估计的一些近似</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.11 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-11">风险调整的生存函数</a>
<ul>
<li>3.11.1 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-11-1">分组风险调整的生存函数</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.12 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12">一致性，预测能力和解释的变异</a>
<ul>
<li>3.12.1 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12-1">一致性的度量</a>
</li>
<li>3.12.2 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12-2">预测能力</a>
</li>
<li>3.12.3 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12-3">Cox 回归模型解释的变异</a>
</li>
<li>3.12.4 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12-4">解释的变异的度量</a>
</li>
<li>3.12.5 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-12-5">模型验证</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.13 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-13">时依 ROC 曲线</a>
<ul>
<li>3.13.1 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-13-1">灵敏度和特异度</a>
</li>
<li>3.13.2 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-13-2">疾病概率建模</a>
</li>
<li>3.13.3 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-13-3">ROC 曲线</a>
</li>
<li>3.13.4 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-13-4">时依 ROC 曲线</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>3.14 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-14">比例风险建模和 log-rank 检验</a>
</li>
<li>3.15 <a href="cox-%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec3-15">延伸阅读</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="chap4.html#chap4">Cox 回归模型的模型检查</a>
<ul>
<li>4.1 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1">Cox 回归模型的残差</a>
<ul>
<li>4.1.1 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-1">Cox-Snell 残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.1.2 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-2">修正的 Cox-Snell 残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.1.3 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-3">鞅残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.1.4 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-4">偏差残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.1.5 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-5">Schoenfeld 残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.1.6 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-1-6">得分残差</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.2 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-2">模型拟合的评估</a>
<ul>
<li>4.2.1 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-2-1">基于 Cox-Snell 残差的图形</a>
</li>
<li>4.2.2 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-2-2">基于鞅残差和偏差残差的图形</a>
</li>
<li>4.2.3 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-2-3">检查协变量的函数形式</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.3 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-3">识别有影响的观测</a>
<ul>
<li>4.3.1 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-3-1">观测对单个参数估计的影响</a>
</li>
<li>4.3.2 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-3-2">观测对参数估计集的影响</a>
</li>
<li>4.3.3 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-3-3">有影响观测的处理</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.4 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-4">检验比例风险假设</a>
<ul>
<li>4.4.1 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-4-1">对数累积风险图</a>
</li>
<li>4.4.2 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-4-2">使用 Schoenfeld 残差</a>
</li>
<li>4.4.3 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-4-3">非比例风险的检验</a>
</li>
<li>4.4.4 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-4-4">添加时依变量</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>4.5 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-5">建议</a>
</li>
<li>4.6 <a href="chap4.html#sec4-6">延伸阅读</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
<a href="chap5.html#chap5">参数回归模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1">风险函数的模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.1.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-1">指数分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.2 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-2">Weibull 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.3 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-3">log-logistic 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.4 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-4">log-logistic 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.5 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-5">Gompertz 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.6 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-6">逆高斯分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.7 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-7">gamma 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.1.8 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-1-8">一些其他分布</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.2 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-2">评估参数模型的适用性</a>
</li>
<li>5.3 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-3">为单样本拟合参数模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.3.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-3-1">随机删失数据的似然函数</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.4 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-4">拟合指数和 Weibull 模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.4.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-4-1">拟合指数分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.4.2 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-4-2">拟合 Weibull 分布</a>
</li>
<li>5.4.3 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-4-3">Weibull 分布百分位数的标准误</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.5 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-5">用于两组比较的 Weibull 模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.5.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-5-1">探索性分析</a>
</li>
<li>5.5.2 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-5-2">拟合模型</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.6 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-6">Weibull 比例风险模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.6.1 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-6-1">拟合模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.6.2 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-6-2">Weibull 模型百分位数的标准误</a>
</li>
<li>5.6.3 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-6-3">模型的对数线性形式</a>
</li>
<li>5.6.4 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-6-4">探索性分析</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.7 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-7">比较替代的 Weibull 比例风险模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.8 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-8">Gompertz 比例风险模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.9 <a href="chap5.html#sec5-9">模型选择</a>
</li>
<li>5.10 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-10">用于两组比较的加速失效时间模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.10.1 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-10-1">与比例风险模型的比较</a>
</li>
<li>5.10.2 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-10-2">百分位-百分位图</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.11 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-11">用于两组比较的加速失效时间模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.11.1 <a href="#sec5-11-1">加速失效时间模型的对数线性形式</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.12 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-12">参数加速失效时间模型</a>
<ul>
<li>5.12.1 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-12-1">Weibull 加速失效时间模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.12.2 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-12-2">log-logistic 加速失效时间模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.12.3 <a href="#sec5-12-3">log-normal 加速失效时间模型</a>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>5.13 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-13">拟合并比较加速失效时间模型</a>
</li>
<li>5.14 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-14">参数模型中解释的变异的度量</a>
<ul>
<li>5.14.1 <a href="%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E5%9B%9E%E5%BD%92%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B.html#sec5-14-1">参数模型的预测能力</a>
</li>
</ul>