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- Toolchain: The compiler and other tools needed to create code for a target device.
- Bootloader: The program that initializes the board and loads the Linux kernel.
- Kernel: Heart of the Linux OS that manages system resources and interfacing with hardware.
- Root filesystem: Filesystem with libraries and programs that are run once the kernel has completed initialization.
A fifth element worth mentioning here is the collection of programs specific to the embedded application.
Mastering Embedded Linux Programming: Create Fast and Reliable Embedded Solutions with Linux 5.4 and the Yocto Project 3.1 (dunfell), Vasquez and Simmonds, 2021