diff --git a/programs/amm/src/error.rs b/programs/amm/src/error.rs
index 193867e4..f584cfda 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/error.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/error.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use anchor_lang::prelude::*;
 
 #[error_code]
 pub enum AmmError {
+    #[msg("An assertion failed")]
+    AssertFailed,
     #[msg("Can't get a TWAP before some observations have been stored")]
     NoSlotsPassed,
     #[msg("Can't swap through a pool without token reserves on either side")]
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/instructions/add_liquidity.rs b/programs/amm/src/instructions/add_liquidity.rs
index c0bc8c39..00b1e461 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/instructions/add_liquidity.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/instructions/add_liquidity.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl AddOrRemoveLiquidity<'_> {
             AmmError::InsufficientBalance
         );
 
-        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot);
+        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot)?;
 
         // airlifted from uniswap v1:
         // https://github.com/Uniswap/v1-contracts/blob/c10c08d81d6114f694baa8bd32f555a40f6264da/contracts/uniswap_exchange.vy#L48
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/instructions/crank_that_twap.rs b/programs/amm/src/instructions/crank_that_twap.rs
index 8a8b10d1..3e4b4f39 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/instructions/crank_that_twap.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/instructions/crank_that_twap.rs
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ impl CrankThatTwap<'_> {
     pub fn handle(ctx: Context<Self>) -> Result<()> {
         let CrankThatTwap { amm } = ctx.accounts;
 
-        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot);
+        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot)?;
 
         Ok(())
     }
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/instructions/remove_liquidity.rs b/programs/amm/src/instructions/remove_liquidity.rs
index b7e04e90..20d3209e 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/instructions/remove_liquidity.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/instructions/remove_liquidity.rs
@@ -41,13 +41,13 @@ impl AddOrRemoveLiquidity<'_> {
 
         require!(lp_tokens_to_burn > 0, AmmError::ZeroLiquidityRemove);
 
-        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot);
+        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot)?;
 
         // airlifted from uniswap v1:
         // https://github.com/Uniswap/v1-contracts/blob/c10c08d81d6114f694baa8bd32f555a40f6264da/contracts/uniswap_exchange.vy#L83
 
         let total_liquidity = lp_mint.supply;
-        assert!(total_liquidity > 0);
+        require_gt!(total_liquidity, 0, AmmError::AssertFailed);
 
         let (base_to_withdraw, quote_to_withdraw) =
             amm.get_base_and_quote_withdrawable(lp_tokens_to_burn, total_liquidity);
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/instructions/swap.rs b/programs/amm/src/instructions/swap.rs
index b978ee41..a3bdec4f 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/instructions/swap.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/instructions/swap.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ impl Swap<'_> {
 
         require!(input_amount > 0, AmmError::ZeroSwapAmount);
 
-        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot);
+        amm.update_twap(Clock::get()?.slot)?;
 
         let output_amount = amm.swap(input_amount, swap_type)?;
 
diff --git a/programs/amm/src/state/amm.rs b/programs/amm/src/state/amm.rs
index 25a9624b..e7221bbd 100644
--- a/programs/amm/src/state/amm.rs
+++ b/programs/amm/src/state/amm.rs
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ impl Amm {
         let slots_passed = (self.oracle.last_updated_slot - self.created_at_slot) as u128;
 
         require_neq!(slots_passed, 0, AmmError::NoSlotsPassed);
-        assert!(self.oracle.aggregator != 0);
+        require!(self.oracle.aggregator != 0, AmmError::AssertFailed);
 
         Ok(self.oracle.aggregator / slots_passed)
     }
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ impl Amm {
     /// have been made.
     ///
     /// Returns an observation if one was recorded.
-    pub fn update_twap(&mut self, current_slot: Slot) -> Option<u128> {
+    pub fn update_twap(&mut self, current_slot: Slot) -> Result<Option<u128>> {
         let oracle = &mut self.oracle;
         // a manipulator is likely to be "bursty" with their usage, such as a
         // validator who abuses their slots to manipulate the TWAP.
@@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ impl Amm {
         // that trades near $1500 and you allow $25 updates per minute, it can double
         // over an hour.
         if current_slot < oracle.last_updated_slot + ONE_MINUTE_IN_SLOTS {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
         if self.base_amount == 0 || self.quote_amount == 0 {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
 
         // we store prices as quote units / base units scaled by 1e12.
@@ -244,32 +244,32 @@ impl Amm {
             initial_observation: oracle.initial_observation,
         };
 
-        assert!(new_oracle.last_updated_slot > oracle.last_updated_slot);
+        require!(new_oracle.last_updated_slot > oracle.last_updated_slot, AmmError::AssertFailed);
         // assert that the new observation is between price and last observation
         match price.cmp(&oracle.last_observation) {
             Ordering::Greater => {
-                assert!(new_observation > oracle.last_observation);
-                assert!(new_observation <= price);
+                require!(new_observation > oracle.last_observation, AmmError::AssertFailed);
+                require!(new_observation <= price, AmmError::AssertFailed);
             }
             Ordering::Equal => {
-                assert!(new_observation == price);
+                require!(new_observation == price, AmmError::AssertFailed);
             }
             Ordering::Less => {
-                assert!(new_observation < oracle.last_observation);
-                assert!(new_observation >= price);
+                require!(new_observation < oracle.last_observation, AmmError::AssertFailed);
+                require!(new_observation >= price, AmmError::AssertFailed);
             }
         }
 
         *oracle = new_oracle;
 
-        Some(new_observation)
+        Ok(Some(new_observation))
     }
 
     pub fn invariant(&self) -> Result<()> {
         let oracle = &self.oracle;
 
-        assert!(oracle.last_price <= MAX_PRICE);
-        assert!(oracle.last_observation <= MAX_PRICE);
+        require!(oracle.last_price <= MAX_PRICE, AmmError::AssertFailed);
+        require!(oracle.last_observation <= MAX_PRICE, AmmError::AssertFailed);
 
         Ok(())
     }
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@ mod simple_amm_tests {
         let slots_until_overflow = u128::MAX / (u64::MAX as u128 * PRICE_SCALE);
 
         amm.update_twap(slots_until_overflow as u64);
-        assert!(amm.oracle.aggregator > MAX_PRICE * 18_400_000);
+        require!(amm.oracle.aggregator > MAX_PRICE * 18_400_000);
         assert_ne!(amm.oracle.aggregator, u128::MAX);
 
         amm_clone.update_twap(slots_until_overflow as u64 + 1);
diff --git a/programs/autocrat/src/instructions/finalize_proposal.rs b/programs/autocrat/src/instructions/finalize_proposal.rs
index 71709731..94190296 100644
--- a/programs/autocrat/src/instructions/finalize_proposal.rs
+++ b/programs/autocrat/src/instructions/finalize_proposal.rs
@@ -178,12 +178,12 @@ impl FinalizeProposal<'_> {
 
         // match new_proposal_state {
         //     ProposalState::Passed => {
-        //         assert!(base_vault.status == VaultStatus::Finalized);
-        //         assert!(quote_vault.status == VaultStatus::Finalized);
+        //         require!(base_vault.status == VaultStatus::Finalized);
+        //         require!(quote_vault.status == VaultStatus::Finalized);
         //     }
         //     ProposalState::Failed => {
-        //         assert!(base_vault.status == VaultStatus::Reverted);
-        //         assert!(quote_vault.status == VaultStatus::Reverted);
+        //         require!(base_vault.status == VaultStatus::Reverted);
+        //         require!(quote_vault.status == VaultStatus::Reverted);
         //     }
         //     _ => unreachable!("Encountered an unexpected proposal state"),
         // }
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/error.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/error.rs
index a7dab727..2c810f4d 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/error.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/error.rs
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@ use super::*;
 
 #[error_code]
 pub enum VaultError {
+    #[msg("An assertion failed")]
+    AssertFailed,
     #[msg("Insufficient underlying token balance to mint this amount of conditional tokens")]
     InsufficientUnderlyingTokens,
     #[msg("Insufficient conditional token balance to merge this `amount`")]
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/merge_tokens.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/merge_tokens.rs
index 5e86ebdc..8d48b0fa 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/merge_tokens.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/merge_tokens.rs
@@ -65,13 +65,15 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
         ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.reload()?;
         ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.reload()?;
 
-        assert!(
-            ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.amount
-                == pre_user_underlying_balance + amount
+        require_eq!(
+            ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.amount,
+                pre_user_underlying_balance + amount,
+                VaultError::AssertFailed
         );
-        assert!(
-            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount
-                == pre_vault_underlying_balance - amount
+        require_eq!(
+            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount,
+                pre_vault_underlying_balance - amount,
+                VaultError::AssertFailed
         );
 
         for (mint, expected_supply) in conditional_token_mints
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
             .zip(expected_future_supplies.iter())
         {
             mint.reload()?;
-            assert!(mint.supply == *expected_supply);
+            require_eq!(mint.supply, *expected_supply, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         for (account, expected_balance) in user_conditional_token_accounts
@@ -87,7 +89,7 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
             .zip(expected_future_balances.iter())
         {
             account.reload()?;
-            assert!(account.amount == *expected_balance);
+            require_eq!(account.amount, *expected_balance, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         ctx.accounts.vault.invariant(
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/redeem_tokens.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/redeem_tokens.rs
index 389a0a86..dd1c300b 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/redeem_tokens.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/redeem_tokens.rs
@@ -83,24 +83,26 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
             total_redeemable,
         )?;
 
-        assert!(max_redeemable >= total_redeemable);
+        require_gte!(max_redeemable, total_redeemable, VaultError::AssertFailed);
 
         ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.reload()?;
         ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.reload()?;
 
-        assert!(
-            ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.amount
-                == user_underlying_balance_before + total_redeemable
+        require_eq!(
+            ctx.accounts.user_underlying_token_account.amount,
+                user_underlying_balance_before + total_redeemable,
+                VaultError::AssertFailed
         );
 
-        assert!(
-            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount
-                == vault_underlying_balance_before - total_redeemable
+        require_eq!(
+            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount,
+                vault_underlying_balance_before - total_redeemable,
+                VaultError::AssertFailed
         );
 
         for acc in user_conditional_token_accounts.iter_mut() {
             acc.reload()?;
-            assert!(acc.amount == 0);
+            require_eq!(acc.amount, 0, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         for (mint, expected_supply) in conditional_token_mints
@@ -108,7 +110,7 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
             .zip(expected_future_supplies.iter())
         {
             mint.reload()?;
-            assert!(mint.supply == *expected_supply);
+            require_eq!(mint.supply, *expected_supply, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         ctx.accounts.vault.invariant(
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/split_tokens.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/split_tokens.rs
index 26e80762..b3592121 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/split_tokens.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/instructions/split_tokens.rs
@@ -58,19 +58,20 @@ impl<'info, 'c: 'info> InteractWithVault<'info> {
         }
 
         ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.reload()?;
-        assert!(
-            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount
-                == pre_vault_underlying_balance + amount
+        require_eq!(
+            ctx.accounts.vault_underlying_token_account.amount,
+                 pre_vault_underlying_balance + amount,
+                 VaultError::AssertFailed
         );
 
         for (i, mint) in conditional_token_mints.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             mint.reload()?;
-            assert!(mint.supply == pre_conditional_mint_supplies[i] + amount);
+            require_eq!(mint.supply, pre_conditional_mint_supplies[i] + amount, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         for (i, acc) in user_conditional_token_accounts.iter_mut().enumerate() {
             acc.reload()?;
-            assert!(acc.amount == pre_conditional_user_balances[i] + amount);
+            require_eq!(acc.amount, pre_conditional_user_balances[i] + amount, VaultError::AssertFailed);
         }
 
         ctx.accounts.vault.invariant(
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/lib.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/lib.rs
index 839bcb74..818ca252 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/lib.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ use anchor_spl::{
     associated_token::AssociatedToken,
     token::{self, Burn, Mint, MintTo, Token, TokenAccount, Transfer},
 };
-// use mpl_token_metadata::state::DataV2;
 
 pub mod error;
 pub mod instructions;
diff --git a/programs/conditional_vault/src/state/conditional_vault.rs b/programs/conditional_vault/src/state/conditional_vault.rs
index 3bd4f2da..994c171d 100644
--- a/programs/conditional_vault/src/state/conditional_vault.rs
+++ b/programs/conditional_vault/src/state/conditional_vault.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl ConditionalVault {
                 .sum::<u64>()
         };
 
-        assert!(vault_underlying_balance >= max_possible_liability);
+        require_gte!(vault_underlying_balance, max_possible_liability, VaultError::AssertFailed);
 
         Ok(())
     }