References_old.bib

@phdthesis{colomboOpenInnovationMeets2016,
  type = {{{PhD}}. Dissertation},
  title = {Open Innovation Meets {{Changeability}}: {{Strategic}} Design Analyses for {{Cyber}}-Physical {{Industry}} Platforms},
  school = {Politecnico di Milano, Department of Mechanical Engineering},
  author = {Colombo, Edoardo Filippo},
  month = feb,
  year = {2016}
}

@misc{opensourcehardwareassociationOpenSourceHardware2016,
  title = {Open {{Source Hardware}} ({{OSHW}}) {{Statement}} of {{Principles}} 1.0},
  howpublished = {http://www.oshwa.org/definition/},
  author = {{Open Source Hardware Association}},
  year = {2016},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\Z4UX27I8\\OSHWA Definition.docx}
}

@article{fuDesignPrinciplesLiterature2016,
  title = {Design {{Principles}}: {{Literature Review}}, {{Analysis}}, and {{Future Directions}}},
  volume = {138},
  issn = {1050-0472},
  shorttitle = {Design {{Principles}}},
  abstract = {Design principles are created to codify and formalize design knowledge so that innovative, archival practices may be communicated and used to advance design science and solve future design problems, especially the pinnacle, wicked, and grand-challenge problems that face the world and cross-cutting markets. Principles are part of a family of knowledge explication, which also include guidelines, heuristics, rules of thumb, and strategic constructs. Definitions of a range of explications are explored from a number of seminal papers. Based on this analysis, the authors pose formalized definitions for the three most prevalent terms in the literature\textemdash{}principles, guidelines, and heuristics\textemdash{}and draw more definitive distinctions between the terms. Current research methods and practices with design principles are categorized and characterized. We further explore research methodologies, validation approaches, semantic principle composition through computational analysis, and a proposed formal approach to articulating principles. In analyzing the methodology for discovering, deriving, formulating, and validating design principles, the goal is to understand and advance the theoretical basis of design, the foundations of new tools and techniques, and the complex systems of the future. Suggestions for the future of design principles research methodology for added rigor and repeatability are proposed.},
  number = {10},
  journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
  doi = {10.1115/1.4034105},
  author = {Fu, Katherine K. and Yang, Maria C. and Wood, Kristin L.},
  month = aug,
  year = {2016},
  pages = {101103-101103},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\HEPHKGVI\\2016-Design-Principles-Literature-Review-Analysis-and-Future-Directions-1.pdf}
}

@article{yilmazHowDesignersGenerate2015,
  title = {How Do Designers Generate New Ideas? {{Design}} Heuristics across Two Disciplines},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {2053-4701},
  shorttitle = {How Do Designers Generate New Ideas?},
  abstract = {Research supports the central role cognitive strategies can play in successful concept generation by individual designers. Design heuristics have been shown to facilitate the creation of new design concepts in the early, conceptual stage of the design process, as well as throughout the development of ideas. However, we know relatively little about their use in differing disciplines. This study examined evidence of design heuristic use in a protocol study with 12 mechanical engineers and 12 industrial designers who worked individually to develop multiple concepts. The open-ended design problem was for a novel product, and the designers' sketches and comments were recorded as they worked on the problem for 25~min and in a retrospective interview. The results showed frequent use of design heuristics in both disciplines and a significant relationship to the rated creativity of the concepts. Though industrial designers used more heuristics in their concepts, there was a high degree of similarity in heuristic use. Some differences between design disciplines were observed in the choice of design heuristics, where industrial designers showed a greater emphasis on user experience, environmental contexts, and added features. These findings demonstrate the prevalence of design heuristics in individual concept generation and their effectiveness in generating creative concepts, across two design domains.},
  journal = {Design Science},
  doi = {10.1017/dsj.2015.4},
  author = {Yilmaz, Seda and Daly, Shanna R. and Seifert, Colleen M. and Gonzalez, Richard},
  month = nov,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Engineering Design,Industrial design,creativity,design heuristics,cognitive strategies},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\QV9A28PN\\Yilmaz et al. - 2015 - How do designers generate new ideas Design heuris.pdf}
}

@article{kramerCaseStudyAnalysisDesign2014,
  title = {A {{Case}}-{{Study Analysis}} of {{Design Heuristics}} in an {{Upper}}-{{Level Cross}}-{{Disciplinary Design Course}}},
  journal = {2014 ASEE Annual Conference},
  author = {Kramer, Julia and Daly, Shanna and Yilmaz, Seda and Seifert, Colleen},
  year = {2014},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\RFN9V528\\A Case-Study Analysis of Design Heuristics in an Upper-Level Cros.pdf}
}

@article{yilmazCanExperiencedDesigners2013,
  title = {Can Experienced Designers Learn Form New Tools? {{A}} Case Study of Idea Generation in a Professional Engineering Team},
  journal = {International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation},
  author = {Yilmaz, Seda and Daly, Shanna R. and Christian, James L. and Seifert, Colleen M. and Gonzalez, Richard},
  year = {2013},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\ZT4JK57V\\Can-Experienced-Designers-Learn-from-New-Tools-A-Case-Study-of-Idea-Generation-in-a-Professional-Engineering-Team.pdf}
}

@misc{freesoftwarefoundationFreeSoftwareDefinition2015,
  title = {The {{Free Software Definition}} - {{Version}} 1.141},
  author = {{Free Software Foundation}},
  year = {2015 Tue Sep 1 20:26:37 UTC}
}

@book{gershenfeldFabComingRevolution2007,
  address = {{New York}},
  title = {Fab: The Coming Revolution on Your Desktop--from Personal Computers to Personal Fabrication},
  isbn = {978-0-465-02746-0},
  language = {English},
  publisher = {{Basic Books}},
  author = {Gershenfeld, Neil A},
  year = {2007}
}

@article{benklerCommonsbasedPeerProduction2006,
  title = {Commons-Based {{Peer Production}} and {{Virtue}}},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1467-9760},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  journal = {Journal of Political Philosophy},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1467-9760.2006.00235.x},
  author = {Benkler, Yochai and Nissenbaum, Helen},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {394-419}
}

@article{goncalvesInspirationChoicesThat2016,
  title = {Inspiration Choices That Matter: The Selection of External Stimuli during Ideation},
  volume = {2},
  issn = {2053-4701},
  shorttitle = {Inspiration Choices That Matter},
  abstract = {Inspiration is a widely recognized phenomenon in everyday life. However, researchers still know very little about what the process of inspiration entails. This paper investigates designers' approaches when selecting inspirational stimuli during the initial phases of a design process. We conducted a think-aloud protocol study and interviews with 31 design Masters students while generating ideas for a design problem. The results indicate that searching for and selecting stimuli require different levels of cognitive effort, depending on whether there is unlimited or limited access to stimuli. Furthermore, three important stages of the inspiration process were identified: keyword definition, stimuli search and stimuli selection. For each of these stages, we elaborate on how designers define keywords, which search approaches they use and what drives their selection of stimuli. This paper contributes to an understanding of how designers can be supported in their inspiration process in a more detailed manner.},
  journal = {Design Science},
  doi = {10.1017/dsj.2016.10},
  author = {Gon{\c c}alves, Milene and Cardoso, Carlos and {Badke-Schaub}, Petra},
  month = jan,
  year = {2016},
  keywords = {inspiration sources,selection drivers,external stimuli,designers},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\KFD5R93X\\Gonçalves et al. - 2016 - Inspiration choices that matter the selection of .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\ENCZPMQC\\12BB4E73354F3072475B34E9EC63F78F.html}
}

@techreport{kyriakouKnowledgeReuseCustomization2017,
  address = {{Rochester, NY}},
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {Knowledge {{Reuse}} for {{Customization}}: {{Metamodels}} in an {{Open Design Community}} for {{3D Printing}}},
  shorttitle = {Knowledge {{Reuse}} for {{Customization}}},
  abstract = {Theories of knowledge reuse posit two distinct processes: reuse for replication and reuse for innovation. We identify another distinct process, reuse for custom},
  number = {ID 2924083},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  author = {Kyriakou, Harris and Nickerson, Jeffrey V. and Sabnis, Gaurav},
  month = feb,
  year = {2017},
  keywords = {Open source,3D printing,Knowledge reuse,metamodels,digital innovation,customization,parametric design,online com-  munities,software reuse,Thingiverse},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\F9N528VH\\papers.html}
}

@inproceedings{bonvoisinOpennessSupportiveParadigm2013,
  title = {Openness as a Supportive Paradigm for Eco-Efficient {{Product}}-{{Service Systems}}},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 11th {{Global Conference}} on {{Sustainable Manufacturing}} - {{Innovative Solutions}}},
  publisher = {{Universit{\"a}tsverlag der TU Berlin}},
  author = {Bonvoisin, J and Wewior, J and Ng, F and Seliger, G},
  year = {2013},
  pages = {555--560}
}

@phdthesis{bonvoisinAnalyseEnvironnementaleEcoconception2012,
  title = {Analyse Environnementale et {\'E}co-Conception de Services Informationnels},
  school = {Universit{\'e} Grenoble Alpes},
  author = {Bonvoisin, Jeremy},
  year = {2012}
}

@article{bonvoisinWhatSourceOpen2017,
  title = {What Is the ``{{Source}}'' of {{Open Source Hardware}}?},
  volume = {1},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Journal of Open Hardware},
  doi = {http://doi.org/10.5334/joh.7},
  author = {Bonvoisin, J{\'e}r{\'e}my and Mies, Robert and Stark, Rainer and Boujut, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois},
  year = {2017},
  pages = {18}
}

@book{pahlEngineeringDesignSystematic2007,
  address = {{London}},
  edition = {3},
  title = {Engineering {{Design}}: {{A Systematic Approach}}},
  isbn = {978-1-84628-318-5},
  shorttitle = {Engineering {{Design}}},
  abstract = {Engineering design must be carefully planned and systematically executed. In particular, engineering design methods must integrate the many different aspects of designing and the priorities of the end-user. Engineering Design (3rd edition) describes a systematic approach to engineering design. The authors argue that such an approach, applied flexibly and adapted to a particular task, is essential for successful product development. The design process is first broken down into phases and then into distinct steps, each with its own working methods. The third edition of this internationally-recognised text is enhanced with new perspectives and the latest thinking. These include extended treatment of product planning; new sections on organisation structures, simultaneous engineering, leadership and team behaviour; and updated chapters on quality methods and estimating costs. New examples have been added and existing ones extended, with additions on design to minimise wear, design for recycling, mechanical connections, mechatronics, and adaptronics. Engineering Design (3rd edition) is translated and edited from the sixth German edition by Ken Wallace, Professor of Engineering Design at the University of Cambridge, and Luci{\"e}nne Blessing, Professor of Engineering Design and Methodology at the Technical University of Berlin. Topics covered include: fundamentals; product planning and product development; task clarification and conceptual design; embodiment design rules, principles and guidelines; mechanical connections, mechatronics and adaptronics; size ranges and modular products; quality methods; and cost estimation methods. The book provides a comprehensive guide to successful product development for practising designers, students, and design educators. Fundamentals are emphasised throughout and short-term trends avoided; so the approach described provides a sound basis for design courses that help students move quickly and effectively into design practice. Engineering Design is widely acknowledged to be the most complete available treatise on systematic design methods. In it, each step of the engineering design process and associated best practices are documented. The book has particularly strong sections on design from the functional perspective and on the phase of the process between conceptual and detail design in which most key design decisions are made. The 3rd edition includes new material on project planning and scheduling. Anyone committed to understanding the design process should be familiar with the contents of this book. Warren Seering, Weber-Shaughness Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}},
  author = {Pahl, Gerhard and Beitz, W. and Feldhusen, J{\"o}rg and Grote, Karl-Heinrich},
  year = {2007},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\KW3H8I62\\9781846283185.html}
}

@article{powellDemocratizingProductionOpen2012,
  title = {Democratizing Production through Open Source Knowledge: From Open Software to Open Hardware:},
  shorttitle = {Democratizing Production through Open Source Knowledge},
  abstract = {The commercial success of open source software, along with a broader socio-cultural shift towards participation in media and cultural production, have inspired attempts to extend and expand open source practices. These include expansions from software into general culture through `Free Culture' movements and, more recently, expansions from software into hardware and design. This article provides a critical perspective on the democratic potential of these broader `open' contribution structures by examining how open source contributions to both software and hardware increase the opportunities for democratic participation in production, governance and knowledge exchange. By analysing attempts to `open source' the sharing of hardware designs, it also notes the limitations of this democratization. The insights developed in the article nuance the relationship between open source cultures and commercial and market structures, identifying how the generative opportunities created by certain aspects of open source ...},
  language = {en},
  journal = {Media, Culture \& Society},
  doi = {10.1177/0163443712449497},
  author = {Powell, Alison},
  month = aug,
  year = {2012},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\XU5KV64M\\Powell - 2012 - Democratizing production through open source knowl.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\J93GG6S5\\0163443712449497.html}
}

@techreport{brundtland1987our,
  title = {Report of the {{World Commission}} on {{Environment}} and {{Development}}: {{Our Common Future}}},
  institution = {{World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)}},
  author = {Brundtland, Gro Harlem and Khalid, Mansour and Agnelli, Susanna and {Al-Athel}, Sali and Chidzero, Bernard and Padika, Lamine Mohamed and Hauff, Volker and Lang, Istvan and Shijun, Ma and {de Botero}, Margarita Marino and Casanova, Pablo Gonzalez and Singh, Nagendra and {Nogueira-Neto}, Paulo and Okita, Saburo and Ramphal, Shridath and Sahnoun, Mohammed and Salim, Emil and Shaib, Bukar and Solokov, Vladimir and Stanovik, Janez and Strong, Maurice and MacNeill, Jim},
  year = {1987},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press, USA}
}

@article{dodsonElementalSustainabilityTotal2012,
  series = {Delft {{Skyline Debate}}},
  title = {Elemental Sustainability: {{Towards}} the Total Recovery of Scarce Metals},
  volume = {51},
  issn = {0255-2701},
  shorttitle = {Elemental Sustainability},
  abstract = {Some modern so-called low carbon technologies are actually broadening concerns over future elemental sustainability for a wide range of elements. In order to address the rapid dispersion of metals, such as indium and silver, we need to be more innovative in recovery technologies that essentially turn a waste into a resource. A multi-disciplinary blend of chemistry, extractive metallurgy, engineering and biotechnology is required to realise this ambition.},
  journal = {Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cep.2011.09.008},
  author = {Dodson, J. R. and Hunt, A. J. and Parker, H. L. and Yang, Y. and Clark, J. H.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2012},
  keywords = {Bioleaching,Biosorption,Green chemistry,Metal recovery,Sustainability},
  pages = {69-78},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\VWVBGQFJ\\Dodson et al. - 2012 - Elemental sustainability Towards the total recove.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\UNWWGWN9\\S0255270111002030.html}
}

@article{williamsKilogramMicrochipEnergy2002,
  title = {The 1.7 {{Kilogram Microchip}}:\, {{Energy}} and {{Material Use}} in the {{Production}} of {{Semiconductor Devices}}},
  volume = {36},
  issn = {0013-936X},
  shorttitle = {The 1.7 {{Kilogram Microchip}}},
  abstract = {The scale of environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of microchips is characterized through analysis of material and energy inputs into processes in the production chain. The total weight of secondary fossil fuel and chemical inputs to produce and use a single 2-gram 32MB DRAM chip are estimated at 1600 g and 72 g, respectively. Use of water and elemental gases (mainly N2) in the fabrication stage are 32\,000 and 700 g per chip, respectively. The production chain yielding silicon wafers from quartz uses 160 times the energy required for typical silicon, indicating that purification to semiconductor grade materials is energy intensive. Due to its extremely low-entropy, organized structure, the materials intensity of a microchip is orders of magnitude higher than that of ``traditional'' goods. Future analysis of semiconductor and other low entropy high-tech goods needs to include the use of secondary materials, especially for purification.},
  number = {24},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  doi = {10.1021/es025643o},
  author = {Williams, Eric D. and Ayres, Robert U. and Heller, Miriam},
  month = dec,
  year = {2002},
  pages = {5504-5510},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\2ELWAJ9Q\\Williams et al. - 2002 - The 1.7 Kilogram Microchip  Energy and Material U.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\CGH9V2X9\\es025643o.html}
}

@book{erkmanVersEcologieIndustrielle2004,
  title = {{Vers une {\'e}cologie industrielle}},
  isbn = {978-2-84377-088-3},
  abstract = {La soci{\'e}t{\'e} post-industrielle ? Quelle illusion ! Nous vivons en r{\'e}alit{\'e} dans un syst{\`e}me " hyper-industriel " o{\`u} les flux de mati{\`e}re et d'{\'e}nergie continuent {\`a} augmenter de plus belle. Les traditionnelles remises en cause du syst{\`e}me industriel, domin{\'e}es par les questions de pollution et d'{\'e}puisement des ressources, ne suffisent plus. Une approche nouvelle, plus large, est en train d'{\'e}merger depuis quelques ann{\'e}es : l'{\'e}cologie industrielle. Au lieu de voir le syst{\`e}me industriel comme s{\'e}par{\'e} de la Biosph{\`e}re, il est possible de le consid{\'e}rer comme un cas particulier d'{\'e}cosyst{\`e}me. L'{\'e}cologie industrielle s'int{\'e}resse {\`a} l'{\'e}volution {\`a} long terme du syst{\`e}me industriel dans son ensemble, et pas seulement aux probl{\`e}mes d'environnement. Cet ouvrage offre la premi{\`e}re synth{\`e}se en fran{\c c}ais sur ce domaine en plein essor, au carrefour des sciences de l'ing{\'e}nieur, de la biologie, de la g{\'e}ographie, de l'{\'e}conomie et de nombreuses autres disciplines.},
  language = {fr},
  publisher = {{ECLM}},
  author = {Erkman, Suren},
  year = {2004}
}

@phdthesis{janinDemarcheEcoconceptionEntreprise2000,
  title = {{D{\'e}marche d'{\'e}co-conception en entreprise. Un enjeu : construire la coh{\'e}rence entre outils et processus}},
  shorttitle = {{D{\'e}marche d'{\'e}co-conception en entreprise. Un enjeu}},
  abstract = {L'{\'e}co-conception est, depuis peu, une nouvelle probl{\'e}matique, que l'entreprise pourrait bien prendre en compte pour en tirer, {\`a} terme, un avantage concurrentiel. C'est concevoir des produits en ayant consid{\'e}r{\'e}, d{\`e}s leur phase de conception, tous les impacts environnementaux qu'ils pourront engendrer sur l'ensemble de leur cycle de vie. Les {\'e}quipes projet ont besoin de s'organiser pour s'approprier le param{\`e}tre environnement n{\'e}cessitant de nouvelles connaissances li{\'e}es {\`a} de nombreuses incertitudes. {$<$}br /{$>$}L'objectif principal de ces travaux {\'e}tait donc d'aider {\`a} construire la coh{\'e}rence entre un processus de{$<$}br /{$>$}conception et des outils {\`a} disposition des {\'e}quipes. Il s'est agi de : comprendre les diverses acceptions{$<$}br /{$>$}possibles de cette nouvelle forme de conception, identifier les principaux enjeux qu'elle repr{\'e}sente pour une entreprise, observer les modes d'organisation au sein de soci{\'e}t{\'e}s pionni{\`e}res dans ce domaine et{$<$}br /{$>$}rechercher les outils disponibles. Apr{\`e}s proposition d'un mod{\`e}le de processus d'{\'e}co-conception o{\`u} il importe d'ins{\'e}rer les questions d'environnement dans une d{\'e}marche de conception "classique", nous nous sommes attel{\'e}s {\`a} la classification, la description et la critique de divers outils du panel actuellement {\`a} disposition des {\'e}quipes. Nous avons ainsi identifi{\'e} deux grandes cat{\'e}gories : certains, dits d'{\'e}valuation environnementale(qualitative ou quantitative), et d'autres, dits d'am{\'e}lioration, permettant aux {\'e}quipes d'avancer dans la recherche de nouvelles solutions d'{\'e}co-conception. D'autres outils encore existent en mati{\`e}re de sensibilisation, de communication et de choix de strat{\'e}gies. Chacun d'eux devra {\^e}tre employ{\'e} par un utilisateur appropri{\'e}, disposant des connaissances requises, des moyens d'exploiter les r{\'e}sultats obtenus, et ce, durant certaines phases pertinentes du processus de conception. Une {\'e}tude de terrain chez Philips a permis de constater que la mise {\`a} l'{\'e}preuve d'un outil d'{\'e}valuation environnementale est compromise si les enjeux demeurent incompris et les r{\'e}sultats inexploitables par l'{\'e}quipe projet. A partir d'un engagement fort de la direction, les {\'e}quipes ont besoin d'apprendre progressivement pour s'approprier une nouvelle d{\'e}marche ; au cours de celle-ci, elles pourront utiliser des outils simples, pragmatiques, qu'elles sauront exploiter pour progresser et s'am{\'e}liorer.},
  language = {fr},
  school = {Arts et M{\'e}tiers ParisTech},
  author = {Janin, Marc},
  month = apr,
  year = {2000},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\J3K7D96X\\Janin - 2000 - Démarche d'éco-conception en entreprise. Un enjeu .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\II6HFFYR\\tel-00005632.html}
}

@inproceedings{federico2001mips,
  title = {{{MIPS}} of the {{Italian}} Mobile Telephone Network},
  volume = {6},
  booktitle = {Pr{\'e}sent{\'e} {\`a}: {{Open Meeting}} of the {{Global Environmental Change Research Community}}},
  author = {Federico, Antonio and Musmeci, Fabio and Proietti Mancini, D},
  year = {2001}
}

@article{cooperFutureDistributionProduction2011,
  title = {The Future Distribution and Production of Global Phosphate Rock Reserves},
  volume = {57},
  issn = {0921-3449},
  abstract = {Phosphorus (P) is essential for crop growth and food production, and most of the phosphorus applied to agricultural land comes from phosphate rock (PR), a non-renewable resource. The distribution of PR reserves and the share of current production are both concentrated in a handful of countries, notably Morocco and China. Individual countries operate their phosphate mining industries at different reserve-to-production (R/P) ratios, which determines the lifetime of PR reserves in that country and, in turn, the global distribution of both reserves and production in the future. This research uses U.S. Geological Survey data (released in January 2011) to derive R/P ratios for individual countries and combines this with a scenario for increasing global demand to investigate how the global distribution of PR reserves and production will change between now and the year 2100. The results show that 70\% of global production is currently produced from reserves which will be depleted within 100 years and combining this with increasing demand will result in a significant global production deficit, which by 2070 will be larger than current production. Morocco, with nearly 77\% of global reserves, will need to increase production by around 700\% by 2075 in order to meet most of this deficit. If this is possible, Morocco will obtain a much greater share of worldwide production, from around 15\% in 2010 to around 80\% by 2100, which implies more control over market prices. Also, since Morocco operates the highest R/P ratio throughout the analysis period, its share of the global reserves continues to increase, from 77\% in 2011 to 89\% by 2100. Overall, the research concludes that, unless additional sources of phosphorus can be accessed or society can significantly increase phosphorus recycling, future global phosphorus security will be increasingly reliant on a single country.},
  journal = {Resources, Conservation and Recycling},
  doi = {10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.09.009},
  author = {Cooper, James and Lombardi, Rachel and Boardman, David and {Carliell-Marquet}, Cynthia},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {Geopolitics,Morocco,Phosphate rock,Phosphorus,Production,Reserves},
  pages = {78-86},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\4J9AK2S2\\Cooper et al. - 2011 - The future distribution and production of global p.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\J5KXJYHY\\S0921344911001807.html}
}

@article{anderssonLifeCycleAssessment1999,
  title = {Life Cycle Assessment of Bread Produced on Different Scales},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  abstract = {A case study of white bread has been carried out with the purpose of comparing different scales of production and their potential environmental effects. The scales compared are: home baking, a local bakery and two industrial bakeries with distribution areas of different sizes. Data from the three bakeries and their suppliers have been collected. The systems investigated include agricultural production, milling, baking, packaging, transportation, consumption and waste management. Energy use and emissions have been quantified and the potential contributions to global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation have been assessed.The large industrial bakery uses more primary energy and contributes more to global warming, acidification and eutrophication than the other three systems. The home baking system shows a relatively high energy requirement; otherwise, the differences between home baking, the local bakery and the small industrial bakery are too small to be significant.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02979392},
  author = {Andersson, Karin and Ohlsson, Thomas},
  month = jan,
  year = {1999},
  pages = {25-40},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\REN4G3YD\\BF02979392.html}
}

@article{goedkoop2009recipe,
  title = {{{ReCiPe}} 2008},
  volume = {1},
  journal = {A life cycle impact assessment method which comprises harmonised category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level},
  author = {Goedkoop, Mark and Heijungs, Reinout and Huijbregts, Mark and De Schryver, An and Struijs, Jaap and Van Zelm, Rosalie},
  year = {2009}
}

@article{consultants2000eco,
  title = {Eco-Indicator 99 {{Manual}} for Designers},
  journal = {Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment},
  author = {Consultants, P},
  year = {2000}
}

@article{hanson2014s,
  title = {What's in My Stuff? {{How}} Sustainable Is the Mobile Phone?},
  volume = {3},
  journal = {Making Futures Journal},
  author = {Hanson, Maria},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {411-421},
  publisher = {Plymouth College of Art}
}

@article{rockstromPlanetaryBoundariesExploring2009,
  title = {Planetary {{Boundaries}}: {{Exploring}} the {{Safe Operating Space}} for {{Humanity}}},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {1708-3087},
  shorttitle = {Planetary {{Boundaries}}},
  abstract = {[ABSTRACT. Anthropogenic pressures on the Earth System have reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. We propose a new approach to global sustainability in which we define planetary boundaries within which we expect that humanity can operate safely. Transgressing one or more planetary boundaries may be deleterious or even catastrophic due to the risk of crossing thresholds that will trigger non-linear, abrupt environmental change within continental- to planetary-scale systems. We have identified nine planetary boundaries and, drawing upon current scientific understanding, we propose quantifications for seven of them. These seven are climate change (CO{$_2$} concentration in the atmosphere {$<$}350 ppm and/or a maximum change of +1 W m-2 in radiative forcing); ocean acidification (mean surface seawater saturation state with respect to aragonite {$\geq$} 80\% of pre-industrial levels); stratospheric ozone ({$<$}5\% reduction in O{$_3$} concentration from pre-industrial level of 290 Dobson Units); biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle (limit industrial and agricultural fixation of N{$_2$} to 35 Tg N yr-1) and phosphorus (P) cycle (annual P inflow to oceans not to exceed 10 times the natural background weathering of P); global freshwater use ({$<$}4000 km{$^3$} yr-1 of consumptive use of runoff resources); land system change ({$<$}15\% of the ice-free land surface under cropland); and the rate at which biological diversity is lost (annual rate of {$<$}10 extinctions per million species). The two additional planetary boundaries for which we have not yet been able to determine a boundary level are chemical pollution and atmospheric aerosol loading. We estimate that humanity has already transgressed three planetary boundaries: for climate change, rate of biodiversity loss, and changes to the global nitrogen cycle. Planetary boundaries are interdependent, because transgressing one may both shift the position of other boundaries or cause them to be transgressed. The social impacts of transgressing boundaries will be a function of the social\textendash{}ecological resilience of the affected societies. Our proposed boundaries are rough, first estimates only, surrounded by large uncertainties and knowledge gaps. Filling these gaps will require major advancements in Earth System and resilience science. The proposed concept of ``planetary boundaries'' lays the groundwork for shifting our approach to governance and management, away from the essentially sectoral analyses of limits to growth aimed at minimizing negative externalities, toward the estimation of the safe space for human development. Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the ``planetary playing field'' for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale.]},
  number = {2},
  journal = {Ecology and Society},
  author = {Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan and Steffen, Will and Noone, Kevin and Persson, {\AA}sa and Chapin, F. Stuart and Lambin, Eric and Lenton, Timothy M. and Scheffer, Marten and Folke, Carl and Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim and Nykvist, Bj{\"o}rn and {de Wit}, Cynthia A. and Hughes, Terry and {van der Leeuw}, Sander and Rodhe, Henning and S{\"o}rlin, Sverker and Snyder, Peter K. and Costanza, Robert and Svedin, Uno and Falkenmark, Malin and Karlberg, Louise and Corell, Robert W. and Fabry, Victoria J. and Hansen, James and Walker, Brian and Liverman, Diana and Richardson, Katherine and Crutzen, Paul and Foley, Jonathan},
  year = {2009}
}

@book{menzelMaterialWorldGlobal1995,
  address = {{San Francisco}},
  edition = {First Printing edition},
  title = {Material {{World}}: {{A Global Family Portrait}}},
  isbn = {978-0-87156-430-6},
  shorttitle = {Material {{World}}},
  abstract = {In an unprecedented effort, sixteen of the world's foremost photographers traveled to thirty nations around the globe to live for a week with families that were statistically average for that nation. At the end of each visit, photographer and family collaborated on a remarkable portrait of the family members outside their home, surrounded by all of their possessions\textemdash{}a few jars and jugs for some, an explosion of electronic gadgetry for others. Vividly portraying the look and feel of the human condition everywhere on Earth, this internationally acclaimed bestseller puts a human face on the issues of population, environment, social justice, and consumption as it illuminates the crucial question facing our species today: Can all six billion of us have all the things we want?},
  language = {English},
  publisher = {{Counterpoint}},
  author = {Menzel, Peter and Mann, Charles C. and Kennedy, Paul},
  month = oct,
  year = {1995}
}

@techreport{owenRiseMachinesReview2006,
  title = {The Rise of the Machines: {{A}} Review of Energy Using Products in the Home from the 1970s to Today},
  institution = {{Energy Saving Trust}},
  author = {Owen, Paula},
  year = {2006}
}

@article{arnoldChangingAmericanHome2007,
  title = {Changing {{American}} Home Life: Trends in Domestic Leisure and Storage among Middle-Class Families},
  volume = {28},
  issn = {1058-0476, 1573-3475},
  shorttitle = {Changing {{American}} Home Life},
  abstract = {This study of middle-class American families draws on ethnography and urban economic history, focusing on patterns of leisure time and household consumption and clutter. We trace how residential life evolved historically from cramped urban quarters into contemporary middle-class residences and examine how busy working families use house spaces. Our ethnographic sample consists of 24 Los Angeles families in which both parents work full time, have young children, and own their homes. Formal datasets include systematically timed family uses of home spaces, a large digital archive of photographs, and family-narrated video home tours. This analysis highlights a salient home-storage crisis, a marked shift in the uses of yards and garages, and the dissolution of outdoor leisure for busy working parents.},
  language = {en},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Journal of Family and Economic Issues},
  doi = {10.1007/s10834-006-9052-5},
  author = {Arnold, Jeanne E. and Lang, Ursula A.},
  month = mar,
  year = {2007},
  pages = {23-48},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\NHAW7AIJ\\10.html}
}

@article{jollietIMPACT2002New2003,
  title = {{{IMPACT}} 2002+: {{A}} New Life Cycle Impact Assessment Methodology},
  volume = {8},
  issn = {0948-3349, 1614-7502},
  shorttitle = {{{IMPACT}} 2002+},
  abstract = {The new IMPACT 2002+ life cycle impact assessment methodology proposes a feasible implementation of a combined midpoint/damage approach, linking all types of life cycle inventory results (elementary flows and other interventions) via 14 midpoint categories to four damage categories. For IMPACT 2002+, new concepts and methods have been developed, especially for the comparative assessment of human toxicity and ecotoxicity. Human Damage Factors are calculated for carcinogens and non-carcinogens, employing intake fractions, best estimates of dose-response slope factors, as well as severities. The transfer of contaminants into the human food is no more based on consumption surveys, but accounts for agricultural and livestock production levels. Indoor and outdoor air emissions can be compared and the intermittent character of rainfall is considered. Both human toxicity and ecotoxicity effect factors are based on mean responses rather than on conservative assumptions. Other midpoint categories are adapted from existing characterizing methods (Eco-indicator 99 and CML 2002). All midpoint scores are expressed in units of a reference substance and related to the four damage categories human health, ecosystem quality, climate change, and resources. Normalization can be performed either at midpoint or at damage level. The IMPACT 2002+ method presently provides characterization factors for almost 1500 different LCI-results, which can be downloaded at http://www.epfl.ch/impact},
  language = {en},
  number = {6},
  journal = {The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment},
  doi = {10.1007/BF02978505},
  author = {Jolliet, Olivier and Margni, Manuele and Charles, Rapha{\"e}l and Humbert, S{\'e}bastien and Payet, J{\'e}r{\^o}me and Rebitzer, Gerald and Rosenbaum, Ralph},
  month = nov,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {324},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\DCYW5DVA\\Jolliet et al. - 2003 - IMPACT 2002+ A new life cycle impact assessment m.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\39BHSNRX\\BF02978505.html}
}

@article{luttroppEcoDesignTenGolden2006a,
  series = {{{EcoDesign}}: {{What}}'s Happening?},
  title = {{{EcoDesign}} and {{The Ten Golden Rules}}: Generic Advice for Merging Environmental Aspects into Product Development},
  volume = {14},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {{{EcoDesign}} and {{The Ten Golden Rules}}},
  abstract = {The most important moment in product development is when demands and specifications are decided for the product that is being planned. The specification defines the goal for the product development process. It is a very important steering opportunity for the continuing work and for environmentally driven demands that are to be addressed in the product development phase. The designers are said to have the key to sustainable product development through EcoDesign. Many tools have been developed in order to help them to achieve this objective. However, most tools are seldom used primarily because of a lack of sustainability oriented requirements in specifications for products. If there is no demand for improved environmental performance, then there is no need for EcoDesign tools. The lack of market demand for environmentally improved products is therefore, a crucial factor. In other words: It makes no sense to grab a screwdriver from your toolbox if you have a nail in your hand. On the other hand if you have a hammer in your hand you tend to see everything as nails! The hypothesis of this paper is that there is a strong need for a tool to facilitate the integration of reasonable environmental demands into the product development process. The presented tool, ``The Ten Golden Rules,'' can be helpful in this effort. A helpful tool must be well adapted to the task and therefore it is important that the individual product developer/designer can develop personal versions from the generic guidelines. The Ten Golden Rules provide such a possibility. They provide a common foundation, for all in the team, which can be used as a base and guidelines for development of situation specific product-design challenges.},
  number = {15},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.11.022},
  author = {Luttropp, Conrad and Lagerstedt, Jessica},
  month = jan,
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Ecodesign,Product development,Design for the environment,Design},
  pages = {1396-1408},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\GG5SJ87S\\Luttropp and Lagerstedt - 2006 - EcoDesign and The Ten Golden Rules generic advice.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\RPRJE6UI\\S0959652605002556.html}
}

@article{telenkoCompilationDesignEnvironment2016a,
  title = {A {{Compilation}} of {{Design}} for {{Environment Guidelines}}},
  volume = {138},
  issn = {1050-0472},
  abstract = {Policymakers, consumers, and industry leaders are increasingly concerned about the environmental impacts of modern products. In response, product designers seek simple and effective methods for lowering the environmental footprints of their concepts. Design for environment (DfE) is a field of product design methodology that includes tools, methods, and principles to help designers reduce environmental impact. The most powerful and well-known tool for DfE is life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA requires a fully specified design, however, which makes it applicable primarily at the end of the design process. Because the decisions with the greatest environmental impact are made during early design stages when data for a comprehensive LCA are not yet available, it is important to develop DfE tools that can be implemented in the early conceptual and embodiment design stages. Based on a broad critical review of DfE literature and best practices, a set of 76 DfE guidelines are compiled and reconciled for use in early stage design of products with minimal environmental impact. Select guidelines are illustrated through examples, and several strategies for using the guidelines are introduced.},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Journal of Mechanical Design},
  doi = {10.1115/1.4032095},
  author = {Telenko, Cassandra and O'Rourke, Julia M. and Conner Seepersad, Carolyn and Webber, Michael E.},
  month = jan,
  year = {2016},
  pages = {031102-031102-11},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\CAQFUD9G\\Telenko et al. - 2016 - A Compilation of Design for Environment Guidelines.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{eliasUserefficientDesignReducing2011,
  type = {Phd},
  title = {User-Efficient Design: {{Reducing}} the Environmental Impact of User Behaviour through the Design of Products},
  copyright = {(c) University of Bath},
  shorttitle = {User-Efficient Design},
  abstract = {This thesis presents why a new user-centred design process for eco-design would be beneficial and demonstrates how this could be done. The research produces a methodology for collecting and measuring behaviour information and a framework for assessing its impact. It explores the role of and effective introduction of information in the design process and finally concludes with the proposed design approach for reducing the environmental impact of products during their use. Utilising a range of qualitative and quantitative research methods, energy models, observational studies, laboratory design experiments, participation research, product prototyping and industrial consultation,acomprehensivepictureofdesigningforenergy-efficientuserbehaviourisformed. It illustrates how behaviour information can be recorded and quantified, assessing the division between a product's intrinsic, technology-based, energy efficiencies and those that are deemed user-related. Finally, in conclusion this information is then used in a new design approach which proposes a framework for the effective and time - efficient design of products, producing a prototype design which achieves an ongoing 43\% energy saving in user related losses.},
  language = {english},
  school = {University of Bath},
  author = {Elias, Edward and {web-support@bath.ac.uk}},
  month = may,
  year = {2011},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\S9FHRG2R\\Elias and web-support@bath.ac.uk - 2011 - User-efficient design Reducing the environmental .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\W3E6R9EQ\\27856.html}
}

@book{mcaloone2009environmental,
  title = {Environmental Improvement through Product Development: {{A}} Guide},
  publisher = {{Danish Environmental Protection Agency}},
  author = {McAloone, Tim C and Bey, Niki},
  year = {2009}
}

@article{goMultipleGenerationLifecycles2015a,
  title = {Multiple Generation Life-Cycles for Product Sustainability: The Way Forward},
  volume = {95},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {Multiple Generation Life-Cycles for Product Sustainability},
  abstract = {In recent times, product engineers have been under pressure to produce new strategies toward sustainable development, whether it involves materials or component recovery. The trend of product design development is shifting from `cradle-to-grave' to `cradle-to-cradle' which leads to the advent of multiple generation product life-cycles. This paper studies the design guidelines from Design for X which provides directional criteria on designing for multiple generation life-cycles. Therefore, in this paper, Design for Multiple Life-Cycles is defined as a combination of eco-design strategies including Design for Environment and Design for Remanufacture, which leads to other design strategies such as Design for Upgrade, Design for Assembly, Design for Disassembly, Design for Modularity, Design for Maintainability and Design for Reliability. This multiple life-cycles design thinking will pave the way for a more sustainable design and development of future products.},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.065},
  author = {Go, T. F. and Wahab, D. A. and Hishamuddin, H.},
  month = may,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Multiple life-cycles,Design strategies,Sustainable development,Design for X},
  pages = {16-29},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\522VL37S\\Go et al. - 2015 - Multiple generation life-cycles for product sustai.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\GTFQAGJ5\\S0959652615001870.html}
}

@inproceedings{bonvoisin2010design,
  title = {Design for Energy Efficiency: Proposition of a Guidelines-Based Tool.},
  booktitle = {International {{Design Conference}}-{{DESIGN}} 2010},
  author = {Bonvoisin, J{\'e}r{\'e}my and Mathieux, Fabrice and Domingo, Lucie and Brissaud, Daniel},
  year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{tyl2018select,
  title = {{{HOW TO SELECT APPROPRIATE STIMULATION MECHANISMS TO PERFORM AN ECO}}-{{IDEATION SESSION}}?},
  booktitle = {{{DS92}}: {{Proceedings}} of the {{DESIGN}} 2018 15th {{International Design Conference}}},
  author = {Tyl, Benjamin and Vallet, Flore and Pialot, Olivier and others},
  year = {2018},
  pages = {2763-2774},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\ZQWCT5EL\\Tyl et al. - 2018 - HOW TO SELECT APPROPRIATE STIMULATION MECHANISMS T.pdf}
}

@article{mihelcicSustainabilityScienceEngineering2003,
  title = {Sustainability {{Science}} and {{Engineering}}:\, {{The Emergence}} of a {{New Metadiscipline}}},
  volume = {37},
  issn = {0013-936X},
  shorttitle = {Sustainability {{Science}} and {{Engineering}}},
  abstract = {A case is made for growth of a new metadiscipline of sustainability science and engineering. This new field integrates industrial, social, and environmental processes in a global context. The skills required for this higher level discipline represent a metadisciplinary endeavor, combining information and insights across multiple disciplines and perspectives with the common goal of achieving a desired balance among economic, environmental, and societal objectives. Skills and capabilities that are required to support the new metadiscipline are summarized. Examples of integrative projects are discussed in the areas of sustainability metrics and integration of industrial, societal, and environmental impacts. It is clear that a focus on green engineering that employs pollution prevention and industrial ecology alone are not sufficient to achieve sustainability, because even systems with efficient material and energy use can overwhelm the carrying capacity of a region or lead to other socially unacceptable outcomes. To meet the educational and human resource needs required for this new discipline, the technological and environmental awareness of society must be elevated and a sufficient and diverse pool of human talent must be attracted to this discipline.},
  number = {23},
  journal = {Environmental Science \& Technology},
  doi = {10.1021/es034605h},
  author = {Mihelcic, James R. and Crittenden, John C. and Small, Mitchell J. and Shonnard, David R. and Hokanson, David R. and Zhang, Qiong and Chen, Hui and Sorby, Sheryl A. and James, Valentine U. and Sutherland, John W. and Schnoor, Jerald L.},
  month = dec,
  year = {2003},
  pages = {5314-5324},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\6YU4ZVSC\\es034605h.html}
}

@article{bhamraEcodesignSearchNew2004,
  title = {Ecodesign: {{The}} Search for New Strategies in Product Development                                                    ,                                                             {{Ecodesign}}: {{The}} Search for New Strategies in Product Development},
  volume = {218},
  issn = {0954-4054},
  shorttitle = {Ecodesign},
  abstract = {Abstract, Many industries are now facing pressure from different directions to improve their environmental performance. Although some improvements can be achieved through the `clean-up' of manufacturing processes, more proactive companies recognize that to make significant improvements they must consider the design of their products. This paper considers the subject of ecodesign, an emerging field for both research and practice, which aims to help organizations improve their environmental performance. It outlines the range of literature available in the field and describes some of the models currently in use. Ecodesign practice has not yet been widely explored and this is discussed, drawing on four short case studies to highlight the different approaches taken., Abstract, Many industries are now facing pressure from different directions to improve their environmental performance. Although some improvements can be achieved through the `clean-up' of manufacturing processes, more proactive companies recognize that to make significant improvements they must consider the design of their products. This paper considers the subject of ecodesign, an emerging field for both research and practice, which aims to help organizations improve their environmental performance. It outlines the range of literature available in the field and describes some of the models currently in use. Ecodesign practice has not yet been widely explored and this is discussed, drawing on four short case studies to highlight the different approaches taken.},
  language = {en},
  number = {5},
  journal = {Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture},
  doi = {10.1177/095440540421800509},
  author = {Bhamra, T A},
  month = may,
  year = {2004},
  pages = {557-569},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\7VCVRDYP\\Bhamra - 2004 - Ecodesign The search for new strategies in produc.pdf}
}

@article{brezet1997dynamics,
  title = {Dynamics in Ecodesign Practice},
  volume = {20},
  number = {1-2},
  journal = {Industry and environment},
  author = {Brezet, Han},
  year = {1997},
  pages = {21-4}
}

@book{jackson2013material,
  title = {Material Concerns: {{Pollution}}, Profit and Quality of Life},
  publisher = {{Routledge}},
  author = {Jackson, Tim},
  year = {2013}
}

@article{pusavecTransitioningSustainableProduction2010,
  title = {Transitioning to Sustainable Production \textendash{} {{Part I}}: Application on Machining Technologies},
  volume = {18},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {Transitioning to Sustainable Production \textendash{} {{Part I}}},
  abstract = {This two part paper presents general issues, methods and a case study for achieving production sustainability on a machining technology level. In order to tackle these issues, the paper promotes sustainable production via the alternative machining technologies, namely cryogenic and high pressure jet assisted machining that have a high potential to cut costs and improve competitiveness by reducing resource consumption and thus creating less waste. The general issues of sustainable technologies pointed out with a comparative case study life cycle assessment performed for alternative machining processes are covered in part I of the work, concluding that future of sustainable production is going to entail the use of alternative machining technologies to reduce consumption rates, environmental burdens, and health risks simultaneously, while increasing performances and profitability. As an upgrade to this part, overall cost evaluation is covered by a case study in part II of this work.},
  number = {2},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2009.08.010},
  author = {Pusavec, Franci and Krajnik, Peter and Kopac, Janez},
  month = jan,
  year = {2010},
  keywords = {Sustainability,Cryogenic machining,High pressure jet assisted machining,Life cycle assessment,Machining},
  pages = {174-184},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\KYRA92U9\\Pusavec et al. - 2010 - Transitioning to sustainable production – Part I .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\XSXB2STX\\S0959652609002613.html}
}

@article{lawalCriticalAssessmentLubrication2013,
  title = {A Critical Assessment of Lubrication Techniques in Machining Processes: A Case for Minimum Quantity Lubrication Using Vegetable Oil-Based Lubricant},
  volume = {41},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {A Critical Assessment of Lubrication Techniques in Machining Processes},
  abstract = {In this study, a review of the available literature on lubrication techniques during machining processes was conducted. Factors such as workpiece material, tool material and machining conditions were observed to be vital to the performance of any of the techniques. The performance and drawback of each technique were highlighted based on the machining conditions. It concludes by making a case for minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) method using vegetable oil-based lubricant in different machining processes, as a way of addressing the environmental health issues and cost associated with the application of lubricant in machining processes.},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.016},
  author = {Lawal, Sunday Albert and Choudhury, Imtiaz Ahmed and Nukman, Yusoff},
  month = feb,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Machining,Environment,Lubrication,Vegetable oil},
  pages = {210-221},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\LNTZBJNW\\Lawal et al. - 2013 - A critical assessment of lubrication techniques in.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\H9AWSAG6\\S0959652612005483.html}
}

@misc{eletroluxElectroluxOffers0001999,
  title = {Electrolux Offers 7,000 Households Free Washing Machines - {{The}} ``Smart Home'' Paves the Way for New Business Models (Press Release)},
  abstract = {Appliance giant Electrolux is offering 7,000 households on the Swedish island of Gotland free washing machines. The offer is the very first commercialized project of its kind within the Smart Home concept. Electrolux is offering functional sales: instead of buying a washer, consumers pay according to how much they use it - a},
  language = {en-US},
  author = {{Eletrolux}},
  year = {Nuvember 17 1999},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\SMSR93T8\\electrolux-offers-7000-households-free-washing-machines-1885.html}
}

@incollection{kingPhotocopierRemanufacturingXerox2006,
  title = {Photocopier Remanufacturing at {{Xerox UK A}} Description of the Process and Consideration of Future Policy Issues},
  isbn = {978-1-4020-4601-8 978-1-4020-4617-9},
  abstract = {This paper explains and illustrates the process Xerox uses at its UK factory to return old photocopiers to an ``as new'' product. Through a series of industrial processes in a factory environment, a discarded product is completely disassembled. Usable parts are cleaned, refurbished, and put into inventory. Then the product is reassembled from old parts to produce a unit fully equivalent to the original new product. Although Xerox has made a profitable business from remanufacturing, there are many barriers to its wider development. This paper outlines some of these barriers to remanufacturing and suggests some ways in which they might be removed.},
  language = {en},
  booktitle = {Innovation in {{Life Cycle Engineering}} and {{Sustainable Development}}},
  publisher = {{Springer, Dordrecht}},
  author = {King, A. and Miemczyk, J. and Bufton, D.},
  year = {2006},
  pages = {173-186},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\S7XHXWPC\\King et al. - 2006 - Photocopier remanufacturing at Xerox UK A descript.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\984AZDMS\\1-4020-4617-0_11.html},
  doi = {10.1007/1-4020-4617-0_11}
}

@article{kerrEcoefficiencyGainsRemanufacturing2001,
  title = {Eco-Efficiency Gains from Remanufacturing: {{A}} Case Study of Photocopier Remanufacturing at {{Fuji Xerox Australia}}},
  volume = {9},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {Eco-Efficiency Gains from Remanufacturing},
  abstract = {Achieving eco-efficient production and consumption systems requires `closing the loop' to create cyclic systems. Product systems based on remanufacturing, where used products or components are restored to `as new' condition for reuse, offer the potential to create such cyclic systems. For some existing manufacturers, the economic efficiency of remanufacturing is clear and it has become a widely held assumption that such systems would also be more eco-efficient. However, this assumption has not been systematically tested. This research attempted to quantify the life cycle environmental benefits achieved by incorporating remanufacturing into a product system, based on a study of Xerox photocopiers in Australia. The study found that remanufacturing can reduce resource consumption and waste generation over the life cycle of a photocopier by up to a factor of 3, with greatest reductions if a product is designed for disassembly and remanufacturing. This research represents a first-level assessment, limited by certain estimates and assumptions. It is intended that this research will form the basis of a larger, more detailed study of Xerox remanufacturing, worldwide.},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/S0959-6526(00)00032-9},
  author = {Kerr, Wendy and Ryan, Chris},
  month = feb,
  year = {2001},
  keywords = {Remanufacturing,Life cycle assessment,Eco-efficiency,Xerox photocopiers},
  pages = {75-81},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\4MG2M9Q5\\Kerr and Ryan - 2001 - Eco-efficiency gains from remanufacturing A case .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\QBW6FLFF\\S0959652600000329.html}
}

@book{montProductserviceSystemsPanacea2004,
  title = {Product-Service Systems: {{Panacea}} or Myth?},
  isbn = {978-91-88902-33-7},
  shorttitle = {Product-Service Systems},
  abstract = {\textbf{Popular Abstract in Swedish}{$<$}br/{$><$}br{$>$}
Dagens storskaliga tillverkning baseras p{\aa} varor med relativt kort livstid och l{\aa}gt pris. Vinsterna f{\"o}r tillverkarna kommer fr{\aa}n den stora m{\"a}ngden s{\aa}lda varor. Det finns dock inom m{\aa}nga industribranscher krympande vinstmarginaler och m{\aa}nga f{\"o}retag s{\"o}ker d{\"a}rf{\"o}r efter nya k{\"a}llor f{\"o}r att uppn{\aa} b{\"a}ttre r{\"o}relseresultat. {\"A}ven milj{\"o}fr{\aa}gorna {\"a}r en utmaning f{\"o}r industrin. V{\"a}xande milj{\"o}problem leder till krav p{\aa} att milj{\"o}p{\aa}verkan fr{\aa}n varorna minskas och att producenternas ansvar f{\"o}r de tillverkade varorna {\"o}kas. {\AA} andra sidan {\"a}ger dagens konsumenter ett v{\"a}xande antal varor som anv{\"a}nds f{\"o}rh{\aa}llandevis s{\"a}llan. Privatpersoner forts{\"a}tter ofta att anv{\"a}nda samma varor {\"a}ven n{\"a}r nya mer effektiva modeller dyker upp, eftersom de inte st{\"a}ndigt kan k{\"o}pa nya saker. Eftersom priserna {\"a}r h{\"o}gre kan man m{\aa}nga g{\aa}nger inte heller k{\"o}pa de mest milj{\"o}anpassade alternativen, {\"a}ven om dessa ofta {\"a}ven har ergonomiska och kvalitetsf{\"o}rdelar.{$<$}br/{$><$}br{$>$}
{$<$}br/{$><$}br{$>$}
Denna avhandling studerar m{\"o}jligheterna f{\"o}r att utveckla ett nytt s{\aa} kallat produktservice-system, som i motsats till {\"o}verl{\aa}telse av den materiella varan fokuserar f{\"o}rs{\"a}ljning av funktionen (funktionsf{\"o}rs{\"a}ljning). Det f{\"o}rv{\"a}ntas att ett s{\aa}dant system kan leda till avsev{\"a}rda milj{\"o}f{\"o}rb{\"a}ttringar {\"o}ver varans livscykel. Avhandlingen samlar in erfarenheter fr{\aa}n f{\"o}retag som redan anv{\"a}nder funktionsf{\"o}rs{\"a}ljning som aff{\"a}rsmodell samt unders{\"o}ker drivkrafter och hinder f{\"o}r en vidareutveckling av den nya aff{\"a}rsmodellen. Dessutom studeras de politiska styrmedel och samh{\"a}llsinstitutioner, som kan st{\"o}dja s{\aa}dana mer h{\aa}llbara produktions- och konsumtionsm{\"o}nster. Avhandlingen bygger p{\aa} en fallstudie av tv{\aa} varor (gr{\"a}sklippare och borrmaskiner) f{\"o}r vilka scenarier f{\"o}r funktionsf{\"o}rs{\"a}ljning utvecklas. Scenarierna bygger p{\aa} ett f{\"o}r{\"a}ndrat {\"a}gandef{\"o}rh{\aa}llande f{\"o}r varan (i stil med bilpooler) och visar att detta p{\aa}verkar storleken och hastigheten f{\"o}r materialfl{\"o}dena i samh{\"a}llet. Intressenter i och kring leverant{\"o}rskedjan utv{\"a}rderar scenarierna ur milj{\"o}m{\"a}ssig och ekonomisk synvinkel.{$<$}br/{$><$}br{$>$}
{$<$}br/{$><$}br{$>$}
I avhandlingen diskuteras samh{\"a}lliga och f{\"o}retagsrelaterade faktorer som p{\aa}verkar milj{\"o}profilen f{\"o}r ett produktservice-system. Avslutningsvis dras slutsatsen att produktservice-system har en intressant milj{\"o}potential, som dock beror p{\aa} systemets uppbyggnad s{\aa}v{\"a}l som p{\aa} det sociokulturella sammanhanget. Avhandlingen ger f{\"o}rhoppningsvis svenskt n{\"a}ringsliv unik kunskap kring funktionsf{\"o}rs{\"a}ljning, som {\"a}ven kan utnyttjas i ett st{\"o}rre sammanhang och fr{\"a}mja framv{\"a}xten av nya f{\"o}retag.},
  language = {eng},
  publisher = {{IIIEE, Lund University}},
  author = {Mont, Oksana},
  year = {2004},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\4C8PEMML\\467248.html}
}

@article{tukkerEightTypesProduct2004,
  title = {Eight Types of Product\textendash{}service System: Eight Ways to Sustainability? {{Experiences}} from {{SusProNet}}},
  volume = {13},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment},
  issn = {1099-0836},
  shorttitle = {Eight Types of Product\textendash{}service System},
  abstract = {Function-oriented business models or product\textendash{}service systems (PSSs) are often seen as an excellent means for achieving `factor 4'. SusProNet, an EU network on PSSs, showed a more complicated reality. At least eight different types of PSS exist, with quite diverging economic and environmental characteristics. The economic potential of each type was evaluated in terms of (i) tangible and intangible value for the user, (ii) tangible costs and risk premium for the provider, (iii) capital/investment needs and (iv) issues such as the providers' position in the value chain and client relations. The environmental potential was evaluated by checking the relevance of certain impact reduction mechanisms (e.g. more intensive use of capital goods, inherent incentives for sustainable user and provider behaviour etc.). Most PSS types will result in marginal environmental improvements at best. The exception is the PSS type known as functional results, but here liability and risk premium issues, amongst others, need a solution. Copyright \textcopyright{} 2004 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  journal = {Business Strategy and the Environment},
  doi = {10.1002/bse.414},
  author = {Tukker, Arnold},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {246-260},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\ATGD3RU5\\Tukker - Eight types of product–service system eight ways .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\FQU7QT94\\bse.html}
}

@article{meijkampChangingConsumerBehaviour1999,
  title = {Changing Consumer Behaviour through Eco-Efficient Services: An Empirical Study of Car Sharing in the {{Netherlands}}},
  volume = {7},
  copyright = {Copyright \textcopyright{} 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment},
  issn = {1099-0836},
  shorttitle = {Changing Consumer Behaviour through Eco-Efficient Services},
  abstract = {In this paper `innovation' is discussed as a strategy to change consumer behaviour to reduce the environmental impact of consumption. Innovation aims to improve the `production process' of certain end results or `units of service' for the consumer, which is defined as the `consumption technology'. This concept includes the entire organization of how these units of service are produced. `Eco-efficient services' are introduced as an innovation strategy, based on theoretical considerations through which more eco-efficient consumption technologies and less environmentally damaging consumption behaviour could be realized. This strategy is explored through an empirical consumer behaviour study on commercial car sharing services in the Netherlands. Based on an inventory of the environmental effects of this approach, as exemplified by the car sharing schemes, it can tentatively be concluded that the eco-efficient services concept offers an interesting framework for reconsidering the current consumption practice and for generating innovative activities in industry. \textcopyright{} 1998 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.},
  language = {en},
  number = {4},
  journal = {Business Strategy and the Environment},
  doi = {10.1002/(SICI)1099-0836(199809)7:4<234::AID-BSE159>3.0.CO;2-A},
  author = {Meijkamp, Rens},
  year = {1999},
  pages = {234-244},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\H94A2ZES\\Meijkamp - Changing consumer behaviour through eco-efficient .pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\QZA22DY5\\(SICI)1099-0836(199809)74234AID-BSE1593.0.html}
}

@book{ulrichProductDesignDevelopment2011,
  address = {{New York}},
  edition = {5},
  title = {Product {{Design}} and {{Development}}},
  isbn = {978-0-07-108695-0},
  abstract = {Treating such contemporary design and development issues as identifying customer needs, design for manufacturing, prototyping, and industrial design, Product Design and Development by Ulrich and Eppinger presents in a clear and detailed way a set of product development techniques aimed at bringing together the marketing, design, and manufacturing functions of the enterprise. The integrative methods in the book facilitate problem solving and decision making among people with different disciplinary perspectives, reflecting the current industry toward designing and developing products in cross-functional teams.},
  language = {Anglais},
  publisher = {{McGraw-Hill Higher Education}},
  author = {Ulrich, Karl and Eppinger, Steven},
  month = aug,
  year = {2011}
}

@incollection{maherFormalisingDesignExploration1996,
  series = {{{IFIP}} \textemdash{} {{The International Federation}} for {{Information Processing}}},
  title = {Formalising {{Design Exploration}} as {{Co}}-{{Evolution}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4757-4428-6 978-0-387-34925-1},
  abstract = {This paper introduces a model for design exploration based on notions of evolution and demonstrates computational co-evolution using a modified genetic algorithm (GA). Evolution is extended to consider co-evolution where two systems evolve in response to each other. Co-evolution in design exploration supports the change, over time, of the design solution and the design requirements. The basic GA, which does not support our exploration model, evaluates individuals from a population of design solutions with an unchanged fitness function. This approach to evaluation implements search with a prefixed goal. Modifications to the basic GA are required to support exploration. Two approaches to implement a co-evolving GA are: a combined gene approach and a separate spaces approach. The combined gene approach includes the representation of the requirements and the solution within the genotype. The separate spaces approach models the requirements and the solutions as separately evolving interacting populations of genotypes. The combined gene approach is developed further in this paper and used to demonstrate design exploration in the domain of braced frame design for buildings. The issues related to the coding of the genotype, mapping to a phenotype, and evaluation of the phenotype are addressed. Preliminary results of co-evolution are presented that show how exploration differs from search.},
  language = {en},
  booktitle = {Advances in {{Formal Design Methods}} for {{CAD}}},
  publisher = {{Springer, Boston, MA}},
  author = {Maher, Mary Lou and Poon, Josiah and Boulanger, Sylvie},
  year = {1996},
  pages = {3-30},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\MTVJVXK5\\Maher et al. - 1996 - Formalising Design Exploration as Co-Evolution.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\J3NTP59W\\978-0-387-34925-1_1.html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-0-387-34925-1_1}
}

@book{simon1996sciences,
  edition = {3},
  title = {The Sciences of the Artificial},
  publisher = {{MIT press}},
  author = {Simon, Herbert A},
  year = {1996}
}

@misc{beck2001manifesto,
  title = {Manifesto for Agile Software Development},
  author = {Beck, Kent and Beedle, Mike and Van Bennekum, Arie and Cockburn, Alistair and Cunningham, Ward and Fowler, Martin and Grenning, James and Highsmith, Jim and Hunt, Andrew and Jeffries, Ron and others},
  year = {2001}
}

@book{maher2014case,
  title = {Case-Based Reasoning in Design},
  publisher = {{Psychology Press}},
  author = {Maher, Mary Lou and Balachandran, M Bala and Zhang, Dong Mei},
  year = {2014}
}

@inproceedings{hatchuel2003new,
  title = {A New Approach of Innovative {{Design}}: An Introduction to {{CK}} Theory.},
  booktitle = {{{DS}} 31: {{Proceedings}} of {{ICED}} 03, the 14th {{International Conference}} on {{Engineering Design}}, {{Stockholm}}},
  author = {Hatchuel, Armand and Weil, Benoit},
  year = {2003},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\NGGJ8VC3\\Hatchuel and Weil - 2003 - A new approach of innovative Design an introducti.pdf}
}

@inproceedings{hatchuel2004ck,
  title = {{{CK}} Theory in Practice: Lessons from Industrial Applications},
  booktitle = {{{DS}} 32: {{Proceedings}} of {{DESIGN}} 2004, the 8th {{International Design Conference}}, {{Dubrovnik}}, {{Croatia}}},
  author = {Hatchuel, Armand and Le Masson, Pascal and Weil, Beno{\^i}t and others},
  year = {2004},
  pages = {245-258},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\IXAHMYMK\\Hatchuel et al. - 2004 - CK theory in practice lessons from industrial app.pdf}
}

@article{heskett2001past,
  title = {Past, Present, and Future in Design for Industry},
  volume = {17},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Design issues},
  author = {Heskett, John},
  year = {2001},
  pages = {18-26},
  publisher = {MIT Press}
}

@article{hybsEvolutionaryProcessModel1992,
  title = {An Evolutionary Process Model of Design},
  volume = {13},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  abstract = {This paper describes a model of design as a series of transformation processes and extends that model initially to include the behaviour of the designed product in its environment. This extended model is then recast through an analogy with natural evolution as an evolutionary process model of design through the inclusion of the evolutionary-style processes of cross-over and mutation and the introduction of design genes and the notion of inheritance from one generation to the next.},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  doi = {10.1016/0142-694X(92)90216-W},
  author = {Hybs, Ivan and Gero, John S.},
  month = jul,
  year = {1992},
  keywords = {evolution,design process},
  pages = {273-290},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\XSEST5IE\\Hybs and Gero - 1992 - An evolutionary process model of design.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\MVIWTYKI\\0142694X9290216W.html}
}

@book{crossDesignThinkingUnderstanding2011,
  title = {Design Thinking: {{Understanding}} How Designers Think and Work},
  publisher = {{Berg}},
  author = {Cross, Nigel},
  year = {2011}
}

@book{andrews2010guidelines,
  title = {Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products},
  publisher = {{UNEP/Earthprint}},
  author = {Andrews, Evan Stuart},
  year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{tyl2016esm,
  title = {The {{ESM}} Approach: 8 Mechanisms to Efficiently Support Eco-Ideation},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of International Design Conference--Design},
  author = {Tyl, Benjamin and Vallet, Flore and Pialot, Olivier and Millet, Dominique and Le Duigou, Julien and Graves, Guillian and others},
  year = {2016}
}

@misc{vdi1993design,
  title = {Design {{Handbook}} 2221, {{Systematic Approach}} to the {{Development}} and {{Design}} of Technical {{Systems}} and {{Products}}},
  author = {{VDI}},
  year = {1993},
  publisher = {VDI Publishing Group Düsseldorf, Germany}
}

@article{rittelDilemmasGeneralTheory1973,
  title = {Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning},
  volume = {4},
  issn = {0032-2687, 1573-0891},
  abstract = {The search for scientific bases for confronting problems of social policy is bound to fail, becuase of the nature of these problems. They are ``wicked'' problems, whereas science has developed to deal with ``tame'' problems. Policy problems cannot be definitively described. Moreover, in a pluralistic society there is nothing like the undisputable public good; there is no objective definition of equity; policies that respond to social problems cannot be meaningfully correct or false; and it makes no sense to talk about ``optimal solutions'' to social problems unless severe qualifications are imposed first. Even worse, there are no ``solutions'' in the sense of definitive and objective answers.},
  language = {en},
  number = {2},
  journal = {Policy Sciences},
  doi = {10.1007/BF01405730},
  author = {Rittel, Horst W. J. and Webber, Melvin M.},
  year = {1973},
  pages = {155-169},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\VATTY9MV\\Rittel and Webber - 1973 - Dilemmas in a general theory of planning.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\LBNI4CFB\\BF01405730.html}
}

@techreport{pillerSocialMediaSocial2011,
  address = {{Rochester, NY}},
  type = {{{SSRN Scholarly Paper}}},
  title = {From {{Social Media}} to {{Social Product Development}}: {{The Impact}} of {{Social Media}} on {{Co}}-{{Creation}} of {{Innovation}}},
  shorttitle = {From {{Social Media}} to {{Social Product Development}}},
  abstract = {The objective of this paper is to discuss the impact of social media on customer co-creation in the innovation process. Customer co-creation denotes an active, creative and social collaboration process between producers and customers (users), facilitated by a company, in the context of new product or service development. We propose a typology of co-creation activities in order to develop conceptual arguments how social media can impact the relationships among customers involved in co-creation as well as the relationship between customers and the hosting firm. Social media can make economic-exchange relations more collaborative and social, but interestingly may also turn relations formerly based on social-exchange into "money markets" with strong competition among actors. As a result, we develop a set of questions that can lead future research in these regards.},
  language = {en},
  number = {ID 1975523},
  institution = {{Social Science Research Network}},
  author = {Piller, Frank T. and Vossen, Alexander and Ihl, Christoph},
  month = dec,
  year = {2011},
  keywords = {co-creation,Open innovation,social media,social product development},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\JQ8IKA3M\\Piller et al. - 2011 - From Social Media to Social Product Development T.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\V2L5QSHK\\papers.html}
}

@book{chesbroughOpenInnovationNew2006,
  title = {Open {{Innovation}}: {{The New Imperative}} for {{Creating}} and {{Profiting}} from {{Technology}}},
  isbn = {978-1-4221-0283-1},
  shorttitle = {Open {{Innovation}}},
  abstract = {Annotation In today's information-rich environment, companies can no longer afford to rely entirely on their own ideas to advance their business, nor can they restrict their innovations to a single path to market. As a result, says Harvard Business School professor Henry W. Chesbrough, the traditional model for innovation--which has been largely internally focused, closed off from outside ideas and technologies--is becoming obsolete. Emerging in its place is a new paradigm, "open innovation," which strategically leverages internal and external sources of ideas and takes them to market through multiple paths. This path-breaking analysis is based on extensive field research, academic study, and the author's own longtime experience working in Silicon Valley. Through rich descriptions of the innovation processes of Xerox, IBM, Lucent, Intel, Merck, and Millennium, and the many spin-offs that have emerged from these firms, Open Innovationshows how companies can use their business model to identify a more enlightened role for R \& D in a world of abundant information, better manage and access intellectual property, advance their current business, and grow their future business. Arguing that companies in all industries must transform the way they commercialize knowledge, Chesbrough convincingly shows how open innovation can unlock the latent economic value in a company's ideas and technologies. AUTHORBIO: Henry W. Chesbrough is an Assistant Professor and the Class of 1961 Fellow at Harvard Business School.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {{Harvard Business Press}},
  author = {Chesbrough, Henry William},
  year = {2006},
  keywords = {Business \& Economics / Information Management,Business \& Economics / Management,Technology \& Engineering / Nanotechnology \& MEMS}
}

@misc{howeCrowdsourcingDefinition2006,
  title = {Crowdsourcing: {{A Definition}}},
  shorttitle = {Crowdsourcing},
  abstract = {Late last week I pointed to a Wikipedia entry as evidence that crowdsourcing had become a bonafide neologism. A stronger argument for the term's adoption, however, is that the it's starting to appear without reference to me or the original...},
  journal = {Crowdsourcing, why the power of the crowd is driving the future of business},
  author = {Howe, Jeff},
  month = jun,
  year = {2006},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\WNQ8RLNT\\crowdsourcing_a.html}
}

@incollection{petersonSocialProductDevelopment2014,
  title = {Social {{Product Development}}: {{Introduction}}, {{Overview}}, and {{Current Status}}},
  isbn = {978-3-319-07403-0 978-3-319-07404-7},
  shorttitle = {Social {{Product Development}}},
  abstract = {Social Product Development is a relatively new concept in the world of product development. While the word means different things to different people, it can generally be described as the use of social computing technologies, tools, and media, influencing the product life cycle at any stage through the use of a defined and qualified crowd with the goal of enhancing the value of communication. Some of the tenants of Social Product Development are crowdsourcing, mass collaboration, open innovation, and cloud-based design and manufacturing. Social Product Development can be categorized into Web 2.0 and Enterprise 2.0 technologies, the distinction being whether the technologies are used to interface with internal (Web 2.0) or external (Enterprise 2.0) entities from the product development enterprise. While the extent of use of these technologies has not been fully characterized yet, there are many examples of their use in industry and their successful results. From these examples, we are able to draw some conclusions about how to successfully implement these technologies into a product development venture. Even as we try to understand how to utilize Social Product Development in its current state, it is important to look toward the future and analyze how the Internet, which makes Social Product Development possible, is changing as to determine how Social Product Development principles will change with it.},
  language = {en},
  booktitle = {Product {{Development}} in the {{Socio}}-Sphere},
  publisher = {{Springer, Cham}},
  author = {Peterson, Anna and Schaefer, Dirk},
  year = {2014},
  pages = {1-33},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\6RCVYPJ9\\978-3-319-07404-7_1.html},
  doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-07404-7_1}
}

@article{chenDirectDigitalManufacturing2015a,
  title = {Direct Digital Manufacturing: Definition, Evolution, and Sustainability Implications},
  volume = {107},
  issn = {0959-6526},
  shorttitle = {Direct Digital Manufacturing},
  abstract = {One of the hot topics currently in manufacturing domain is direct digital manufacturing. With introduction of cheap three-dimensional printers, the direct digital manufacturing seems to become a new manufacturing paradigm with an entirely different impact on society; nevertheless how this will impact the society and the differences between the paradigms are unclear. According to this background, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of direct digital manufacturing from different perspectives in comparison to various traditional manufacturing paradigms. Authors are using a societal viewpoint to see, describe and analyse the subject instead of traditional manufacturing viewpoint. For the better understanding of direct digital manufacturing origins, a classification and historical background about available techniques are described. Furthermore, direct digital manufacturing as a paradigm is analysed and compared with craft production, mass production and mass customisation. Direct digital manufacturing's sustainability aspects related to social, economical and environmental dimensions are gathered and analysed for a better insight of this technique. A detailed case study demonstrates the energy use differences of direct digital manufacturing and mass production in depth. According to the present work, direct digital manufacturing has the possibility of combining the advantages of the other production paradigms and can have a positive impact on sustainable development; yet, there are several challenges to overcome both in technical and sociality aspects. A challenge within the social aspects can be the life style changes which can impact the job market, working environment, waste management and more.},
  journal = {Journal of Cleaner Production},
  doi = {10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.05.009},
  author = {Chen, Danfang and Heyer, Steffen and Ibbotson, Suphunnika and Salonitis, Konstantinos and Steingr{\'i}msson, J{\'o}n Gar{\dh}ar and Thiede, Sebastian},
  month = nov,
  year = {2015},
  keywords = {Direct digital manufacturing,Manufacturing paradigm,Additive manufacturing,Sustainability},
  pages = {615-625},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\J5393CHY\\Chen et al. - 2015 - Direct digital manufacturing definition, evolutio.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\E2C4ECUJ\\S0959652615005429.html}
}

@article{huEvolvingParadigmsManufacturing2013a,
  series = {Forty {{Sixth CIRP Conference}} on {{Manufacturing Systems}} 2013},
  title = {Evolving {{Paradigms}} of {{Manufacturing}}: {{From Mass Production}} to {{Mass Customization}} and {{Personalization}}},
  volume = {7},
  issn = {2212-8271},
  shorttitle = {Evolving {{Paradigms}} of {{Manufacturing}}},
  abstract = {This paper reviews the development of the paradigms of manufacturing, including mass production, mass customization and the emerging paradigm of personalization. In each paradigm, we discuss the contributions of scientific principles, manufacturing technologies and systems operations and how they are integrated together to achieve quality, productivity and responsiveness in manufacturing. We also compare the roles of the consumer in each paradigm.},
  journal = {Procedia CIRP},
  doi = {10.1016/j.procir.2013.05.002},
  author = {Hu, S. Jack},
  month = jan,
  year = {2013},
  keywords = {Mass production,Mass customization,Personalization},
  pages = {3-8},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\UW5I8U4R\\Hu - 2013 - Evolving Paradigms of Manufacturing From Mass Pro.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\DC2BZ354\\S2212827113002096.html}
}

@book{piller2010handbook,
  title = {Handbook of Research in Mass Customization and Personalization},
  volume = {1},
  publisher = {{World scientific}},
  author = {Piller, Frank T},
  year = {2010}
}

@article{corbet2012linux,
  title = {Linux Kernel Development: {{How}} Fast It Is Going, Who Is Doing It, What They Are Doing, and Who Is Sponsoring It},
  journal = {The Linux Foundation},
  author = {Corbet, Jonathan and {Kroah-Hartman}, Greg and McPherson, Amanda},
  year = {2012},
  pages = {1-13}
}

@article{archerDesignDiscipline1979,
  title = {Design as a Discipline},
  volume = {1},
  issn = {0142-694X},
  abstract = {One of the principal assumptions behind the launching of this new journal is that Design can be identified as a subject in its own right, independent of the various areas in which it is applied to parctical effect. The Editorial Board is therefore proposing to publish a series of papers by leading members of the international `invisible college' of Design Studies, which will aim to establish the theoretical bases for treating Design as a coherent discipline of study in its own right. The questions or issues that these papers are expected to address include: Can design be a discipline in its own right? If so, what are its distinguishing features? (What are the kind of features that distinguish any discipline?) To what questions should the discipline address itself \textemdash{} in both research and teaching? What methodology does it use? What results \textemdash{} what applications \textemdash{} should it be trying to achieve? To start the series we are publishing two contributions by Bruce Archer. The first is a short statement prepared specially for this first issue of Design Studies by Professor Archer, entitled Whatever Became of Design Methodology? The second is an extract from a lecture delivered by Professor Archer at the Manchester Regional Centre for Science and Technology on 7 May 1976, under the title The Three Rs. This latter paper argues not only tha Design should be regarded as a fundamental aspect of education (in no sense a specialized subject) but that Design is (or should be) on a par with and distinct from science and the humanities. Bruce Archer is Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art, London, where he is also Chairman of The Faculty of Theoretical Studies, Head of The Department of Design Research and Head of The Design Education Unit. He is a member of The Editorial Advisory Board of Design Studies.},
  number = {1},
  journal = {Design Studies},
  doi = {10.1016/0142-694X(79)90023-1},
  author = {Archer, Bruce},
  year = {1979},
  pages = {17-20},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\Z6874QUZ\\0142694X79900231.html}
}

@book{normanDesignEverydayThings2013,
  address = {{New York, New York}},
  edition = {2nd edition},
  title = {The {{Design}} of {{Everyday Things}}: {{Revised}} and {{Expanded Edition}}},
  isbn = {978-0-465-05065-9},
  shorttitle = {The {{Design}} of {{Everyday Things}}},
  abstract = {The ultimate guide to human-centered design Even the smartest among us can feel inept as we fail to figure out which light switch or oven burner to turn on, or whether to push, pull, or slide a door. The fault, argues this ingenious-even liberating-book, lies not in ourselves, but in product design that ignores the needs of users and the principles of cognitive psychology. The problems range from ambiguous and hidden controls to arbitrary relationships between controls and functions, coupled with a lack of feedback or other assistance and unreasonable demands on memorization.The Design of Everyday Things shows that good, usable design is possible. The rules are simple: make things visible, exploit natural relationships that couple function and control, and make intelligent use of constraints. The goal: guide the user effortlessly to the right action on the right control at the right time.The Design of Everyday Things is a powerful primer on how--and why--some products satisfy customers while others only frustrate them.},
  language = {Anglais},
  publisher = {{Basic Books}},
  author = {Norman, Don},
  month = nov,
  year = {2013}
}

@book{brownChangeDesignHow2009,
  address = {{New York}},
  title = {Change by {{Design}}: {{How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations}} and {{Inspires Innovation}}},
  isbn = {978-0-06-176608-4},
  shorttitle = {Change by {{Design}}},
  abstract = {The subject of ``design thinking'' is the rage at business schools, throughout corporations, and increasingly in the popular press\textemdash{}due in large part to work of IDEO, a leading design firm, and its celebrated CEO, Tim Brown, who uses this book to show how the techniques and strategies of design belong at every level of business.The myth of innovation is that brilliant ideas leap fully formed from the minds of geniuses. The reality is that most innovations come from a process of rigorous examination through which great ideas are identified and developed before being realized as new offerings and capabilities. Change by Design explains design thinking, the collaborative process by which the designer's sensibilities and methods are employed to match people's needs, not only with what is technically feasible, but what is viable to the bottom line. Design thinking converts need into demand. It's a human-centered approach to problem solving that helps people and organizations become more innovative and more creative. Introduced a decade ago, the concept of design thinking remains popular at business schools, throughout corporations, and increasingly in the popular press\textemdash{}due in large part to work of IDEO, the undisputed world leading strategy, innovation, and design firm headed by Tim Brown. As he makes clear in this visionary guide\textemdash{}now updated with addition material, including new case studies, and a new introduction\textemdash{}design thinking is not just applicable to so-called creative industries or people who work in the design field. It's a methodology that has been used by organizations such as Kaiser Permanente, to increase the quality of patient care by re-examining the ways that their nurses manage shift change, or Kraft, to rethink supply chain management. Change by Design is not a book by designers for designers; it is a book for creative leaders seeking to infuse design thinking into every level of an organization, product, or service to drive new alternatives for business and society.},
  language = {Anglais},
  publisher = {{HarperBusiness}},
  author = {Brown, Tim},
  month = sep,
  year = {2009}
}

@article{kolkoDesignThinkingComes2015,
  title = {Design Thinking Comes of Age},
  journal = {Harvard Business Review},
  author = {Kolko, Jon},
  month = sep,
  year = {2015},
  pages = {66-71}
}

@book{jonesDesignMethods1992,
  title = {Design Methods},
  publisher = {{John Wiley \& Sons}},
  author = {Jones, John Chris},
  year = {1992}
}

@article{clevengerEngineeringMicrowaveOven2000,
  title = {The {{Engineering Behind}} the {{Microwave Oven}}},
  volume = {2},
  number = {3},
  journal = {Illumin, a review of engineering in everyday life - Electrical Engineering},
  author = {Clevenger, Jaime},
  month = nov,
  year = {2000}
}

@book{pughTotalDesignIntegrated1990,
  address = {{Wokingham, England ; Reading, Mass}},
  edition = {01 edition},
  title = {Total {{Design}}: {{Integrated Methods}} for {{Successful Product Engineering}}},
  isbn = {978-0-201-41639-8},
  shorttitle = {Total {{Design}}},
  abstract = {Based around a core of design activities, this book presents the design function as a systematic and disciplined process, the objective of which is to create innovative products that satisfy customer needs. The author is widely regarded as a foremost authority on an integrated approach to product engineering. Highly suitable for all students in engineering, industrial design, architecture and computer science, as well as for the professional engineer and designer who will find in it a very useful framework to assist their design practice.},
  language = {English},
  publisher = {{Prentice Hall}},
  author = {Pugh, S.},
  month = oct,
  year = {1990}
}

@misc{gopsillEngineeringDesignCourse2018,
  title = {Engineering {{Design Course Notes}} - {{Design}} \& {{Make}}},
  author = {Gopsill, James A. and Valentine, Rod},
  year = {2018}
}

@book{crossDesignerlyWaysKnowing2006,
  address = {{London}},
  title = {Designerly {{Ways}} of {{Knowing}}},
  isbn = {978-1-84628-300-0},
  abstract = {The concept of `designerly ways of knowing' emerged in the late 1970s in association with the development of new approaches in design education. Professor Nigel Cross first clearly articulated this concept in a paper called `Designerly Ways of Knowing' which was published in the journal Design Studies in 1982. Since then, the field of study has grown considerably, as both design education and design research have developed together into a new discipline of design. This book provides a unique insight into a field of study with important implications for design research, education and practice. Professor Nigel Cross is one of the most internationally-respected design researchers and this book is a revised and edited collection of key parts of his published work from the last quarter century. Designerly Ways of Knowing traces the development of a research interest in articulating and understanding the nature of design cognition, and the concept that designers (whether architects, engineers, product designers, etc.) have and use particular `designerly' ways of knowing and thinking. There are chapters covering the following topics: the nature and nurture of design ability; creative cognition in design; the natural intelligence of design; design discipline versus design science; and, expertise in design. As a timeline of scholarship and research, and a resource for understanding how designers think and work, Designerly Ways of Knowing will be of interest to researchers, teachers and students of design; design practitioners and design managers.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {{Springer-Verlag}},
  author = {Cross, Nigel},
  year = {2006},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\M69TKFUY\\9781846283000.html}
}

@book{andreasenConceptualDesignInterpretations2015,
  title = {Conceptual {{Design}}: {{Interpretations}}, {{Mindset}} and {{Models}}},
  isbn = {978-3-319-19838-5},
  shorttitle = {Conceptual {{Design}}},
  abstract = {Maximising reader insights into the theory, models, methods and fundamental reasoning of design, this book addresses design activities in industrial settings, as well as the actors involved. This approach offers readers a new understanding of design activities and related functions, properties and dispositions. Presenting a `design mindset' that seeks to empower students, researchers, and practitioners alike, it features a strong focus on how designers create new concepts to be developed into products, and how they generate new business and satisfy human needs. Employing a multi-faceted perspective, the book supplies the reader with a comprehensive worldview of design in the form of a proposed model that will empower their activities as student, researcher or practitioner. We draw the reader into the core role of design conceptualisation for society, for the development of industry, for users and buyers of products, and for citizens in relation to public systems. The book also features original contributions related to exploration, conceptualisation and product synthesis. Exploring both the power and limitations of formal design process models, methods, and tools viewed in the light of human ingenuity and cognition, the book develops a unique design mindset that adds human understanding to the list of methods and tools essential to design. This insight is distilled into useful mindset heuristics included throughout the book.},
  language = {en},
  publisher = {{Springer International Publishing}},
  author = {Andreasen, Mogens Myrup and Hansen, Claus Thorp and Cash, Philip},
  year = {2015},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\CQ7994TL\\9783319198385.html}
}

@article{DesignThinking2019,
  title = {Design Thinking},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  abstract = {Design thinking refers to the cognitive, strategic and practical processes by which design concepts (proposals for new products, buildings, machines, etc.) are developed by designers and/or design teams. Many of the key concepts and aspects of design thinking have been identified through studies, across different design domains, of design cognition and design activity in both laboratory and natural contexts.Design thinking is also associated with prescriptions for the innovation of products and services within business and social contexts. Some of these prescriptions have been criticized for oversimplifying the design process and trivializing the role of technical knowledge and skills.},
  language = {en},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  month = mar,
  year = {2019},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\8AJBC34A\\index.html},
  note = {Page Version ID: 887728699}
}

@article{AbductiveReasoning2019,
  title = {Abductive Reasoning},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  abstract = {Abductive reasoning (also called abduction, abductive inference, or retroduction) is a form of logical inference which starts with an observation or set of observations then seeks to find the simplest and most likely explanation for the observations. This process, unlike deductive reasoning, yields a plausible conclusion but does not positively verify it.  Abductive conclusions are thus qualified as having a remnant of uncertainty or doubt, which is expressed in retreat terms such as "best available" or "most likely". One can understand abductive reasoning as inference to the best explanation, although not all uses of the terms abduction and inference to the best explanation are exactly equivalent.In the 1990s, as computing power grew, the fields of law, computer science, and artificial intelligence research spurred renewed interest in the subject of abduction.
Diagnostic expert systems frequently employ abduction.},
  language = {en},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  month = mar,
  year = {2019},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\RNXHLD89\\index.html},
  note = {Page Version ID: 886710261}
}

@misc{livescienceDeductiveVsInductive,
  title = {Deductive vs {{Inductive}} vs {{Abductive Reasoning}}},
  author = {{LiveScience}}
}

@book{papanekDesignRealWorld1985,
  address = {{London}},
  edition = {2 edition},
  title = {Design for the {{Real World}}: {{Human Ecology}} and {{Social Change}}},
  isbn = {978-0-500-27358-6},
  shorttitle = {Design for the {{Real World}}},
  abstract = {Design for the Real World has been translated into twenty-three languages since it first appeared in 1971; it has become the world's most widely read book on design and is a required text in many design and architectural schools. This second edition offers a blueprint for survival in the third millennium. Victor Papanek's lively and instructive guide shows how design can reduce pollution, overcrowding, starvation, obsolescence and other modern ills. He leads us away from 'fetish objects for a wasteful society' towards a new age of morally and environmentally responsible design. Professor Papanek was a highly distinguished designer, educator, lecturer and writer, widely acknowledged for his visionary ideas on design theory. He was Professor at the School of Architecture and Urban Design at the University of Kansas at the time of his death in 1998.},
  language = {English},
  publisher = {{Thames and Hudson Ltd}},
  author = {Papanek, Victor},
  month = feb,
  year = {1985}
}

@misc{claessensProductLifeCycle2015,
  title = {Product {{Life Cycle Stages}} - {{Managing}} the {{Product Life Cycle}}},
  abstract = {Each product has a product life cycle (PLC) \textendash{} its life is not infinite. It goes through the product life cycle stages. Learn more - at Marketing-Insider!},
  language = {en-GB},
  journal = {Marketing-Insider},
  author = {Claessens, Maximilian},
  month = jun,
  year = {2015},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\PJKQDAB5\\product-life-cycle-stages.html}
}

@article{aoeEcologicalRucksackHighDefinition2005,
  title = {``{{Ecological Rucksack}}'' of {{High}}-{{Definition TVs}}},
  volume = {46},
  issn = {1345-9678, 1347-5320},
  abstract = {Japan's largest platform for academic e-journals: J-STAGE is a full text database for reviewed academic papers published by Japanese societies},
  language = {en},
  number = {12},
  journal = {MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS},
  doi = {10.2320/matertrans.46.2561},
  author = {Aoe, Taeko and Michiyasu, Takayuki},
  year = {2005},
  pages = {2561-2566},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\EQ8ZT24G\\Aoe and Michiyasu - 2005 - “Ecological Rucksack” of High-Definition TVs.pdf;C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\ZUT2ZJPZ\\_article.html}
}

@misc{SustainabilityConceptsEcological,
  title = {Sustainability {{Concepts}}: {{Ecological Rucksacks}}},
  howpublished = {http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/concepts/27-rucksacks.html},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\HZ2XAHBW\\27-rucksacks.html}
}

@article{Externality2019,
  title = {Externality},
  copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License},
  abstract = {In economics, an externality is the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit.Economists often urge governments to adopt policies that will "internalize" an externality, so that costs and benefits will affect mainly parties who choose to incur them. For example, manufacturing activities that cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, whereas the neighbors of individuals who choose to fire-proof their homes may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own houses. If external costs exist, such as pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if the producer were required to pay all associated environmental costs. Because responsibility or consequence for self-directed action lies partly outside the self, an element of externalization is involved. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others.  For the purpose of these statements, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved.Estimates suggest that 5 to 15 percent of U.S. GDP may be consumed by negative externalities.    Thus, unregulated markets in goods or services with significant externalities generate prices that do not reflect the full social cost or benefit of their transactions; such markets are, therefore inefficient.  
Proposals to internalize negative externalities include mandatory insurance, regulation, greater tort liability, and charging firms for limited liability according to the benefits it provides them.},
  language = {en},
  journal = {Wikipedia},
  month = mar,
  year = {2019},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\RWSL9E8M\\index.html},
  note = {Page Version ID: 887590254}
}

@misc{Junk,
  title = {Junk},
  journal = {Cambridge dictionnary}
}

@misc{wilsonHowFairFairphone2018,
  title = {How `{{Fair}}' Is {{Fairphone}}?},
  abstract = {To the ethical consumer, it is often difficult to ensure that the food or clothes you buy are sustainably sourced. Though in some ways\ldots{}},
  journal = {Sophie Jean Wilson},
  author = {Wilson, Sophie Jean},
  month = jul,
  year = {2018}
}

@misc{adityagoelPuzzleProblemUsing2016,
  title = {8 Puzzle {{Problem}} Using {{Branch And Bound}}},
  abstract = {We have introduced Branch and Bound and discussed 0/1 Knapsack problem in below posts. Branch and Bound | Set 1 (Introduction with 0/1 Knapsack) Branch\ldots{} Read More \guillemotright{}},
  language = {en-US},
  journal = {GeeksforGeeks},
  author = {{Aditya Goel} and {Kirti\_Mangal} and {Akanksha\_Rai}},
  month = may,
  year = {2016},
  file = {C\:\\Users\\jb2971\\Documents\\L_Travail\\Biblio\\Zotero\\storage\\M6JWSN63\\8-puzzle-problem-using-branch-and-bound.html}
}