nextcloud.md

Example installation on Ubuntu 24.04.01 LTS with Apache2, PHP FPM, APCu, redis, and MariaDB, no Docker, no Snap

Who is this for?

This is an example installation for Ubuntu users who want to host a Nextcloud instance bare metal. No Docker, no Snap. The goal of this guide is to have no warnings in the admin center and the instance should get a perfect security score from scan.nextcloud.com. The official documentation is pretty good, but it can be a little bit overwhelming to newcomers because you need to jump from one topic to another and have to read up on multiple things. This guide hopefully offers you a more streamlined experience.

There are some placeholder values or variables that always start with x_. You need to replace them with your data. This is the structure of the setup used in this guide.

Network requirements

If you want to host Nextcloud in your home and want to access it remotely or even share some files externally, there are some network requirements. You need a real, public routable, none Carrier-grade NAT (CG-NAT) IPv4 address. Don't know what CG-NAT is? Test if you have a CG-NAT IPv4.
If you don't have a real IPv4 address, you could ask your ISP to give you one. Some ISPs will give you one for free, others charge you 5$ a month. Some call it "Gaming IP" or "NAS IP". You could also use IPv6 or a VPN instead. If you want to share files externally, only having IPv6 isn't great, since you don't know if all external users are able to use IPv6.
You also need split DNS described in the next paragraph.

Split DNS or Hairpin NAT

Why is split DNS this necessary? Let's assume your WAN IPv4 is 85.29.10.1 and your Nextcloud instance has the IP 192.168.1.10 and your domain is cloud.yourdomain.com. If you are on the road and try to connect to your Nextcloud, your client will ask "Hey what IP is cloud.yourdomain.com?" a DNS server will answer with "85.29.10.1". Then traffic will go to your firewall and some kind of NAT will redirect it to your Nextcloud instance on 192.168.1.10. But if you are on your local network, that probably will not work, because your firewall only NATs from WAN to LAN and not LAN to LAN. The easiest way to solve this is to use split DNS. Tell your DNS server, that instead of answering cloud.yourdomain.com with 85.29.10.1 it should answer it with 192.168.1.10. This is done by unbound overrides. Most home routers don't offer unbound, so you may need to look into setting up a pi-hole DNS server.
Another option that should work (but I have not looked into it!) is Hairpin NAT.

Optional: HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS)

This is optional. You can preload HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) for your domain and all your subdomains. That way you gain security by forcing all your domains and subdomains to use HTTPS. To learn more about HSTS and how you can enable it for your domain, go to https://hstspreload.org/

Getting ready

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install unattended-upgrades
sudo dpkg-reconfigure unattended-upgrades

Install packages

Different versions of Ubuntu may have differing versions of PHP, for example Ubuntu 24.04 ships PHP 8.3.6, which is by pure luck the currently recommended version by Nextcloud. If the PHP version does not match, you can add other repositories. Adding repositories to apt's sources (e.g. Sury's ppa for Ubuntu or dpa for Debian) is beyond the scope of this tutorial.
I think it is simpler to use the Ubuntu PHP version, but adding a PPA is also not that hard. The choice is yours :) For up to date system requirements, please visit Nextcloud admin manual

We install all the software that is needed plus some optional software that is needed so we won't get warnings in the Nextcloud Admin Center.
Ubuntu 24.04.01 comes with MariaDB 10.11.8 which is currently the recommended version.

sudo apt install apache2 \
  bzip2 \
  exif \
  imagemagick \
  mariadb-server \
  redis-server

Install required php modules.

sudo apt install php-common \
  php-curl \
  php-xml \
  php-gd \
  php-imagick \
  php-mbstring \
  php-zip

install DB connector

sudo apt install php-mysql

install recommended modules

sudo apt install php-intl

install performance modules

sudo apt install php-apcu \
  php-redis 

optionally you could install these for passwordless logins:

sudo apt install php-bcmath \
  php-gmp 

optionally you could install ffmpeg (videos) and LibreOffice (Word, Excel, PowerPoint) for preview generation. Beware, these are pretty big.

sudo apt install ffmpeg \
  libreoffice 

MariaDB

Change the MariaDB settings to the recommended READ-COMITTED and binlog format ROW.

sudo nano /etc/mysql/conf.d/nextcloud.cnf

insert

[mysqld]
transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
binlog_format = ROW

exit and save. Reload mariadb

sudo systemctl restart mariadb.service

Secure MariaDB. Insert a root password, otherwise just use the defaults by pressing enter.

sudo mariadb-secure-installation

Create the database

sudo mariadb

You should now see "MariaDB [(none)]>"

Check if the tx_isolation is "READ-COMITTED" and if binlog_format is "ROW".

SELECT @@global.tx_isolation;

you should see a table with the text "READ-COMMITTED".

SELECT @@global.binlog_format;

now you should see the "ROW".

If everything looks good, we can continue. Insert this to create a database called nextcloud. Replace all three x_ variables with your data.

CREATE USER 'x_database_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'x_database_password';
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS nextcloud CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_general_ci;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON nextcloud.* TO 'x_database_user'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
exit;

You should see 4 times a "Query OK" line and a "Bye" at the end.

Nextcloud

Download Nextcloud

wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.tar.bz2
wget https://download.nextcloud.com/server/releases/latest.tar.bz2.sha256

verify

sha256sum -c --ignore-missing latest.tar.bz2.sha256 

should show ok.

Extract and move to the webroot. Change ownership and delete install files

tar -xjvf latest.tar.bz2
sudo mv nextcloud /var/www
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/nextcloud
rm  latest.tar.bz2 latest.tar.bz2.sha256

PHP FPM

We stop apache, install FPM and enable the modules. Replace 8.3 with newer version if needed.

sudo systemctl stop apache2
sudo apt install php-fpm
sudo apt install libapache2-mod-fcgid
sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi setenvif
sudo a2enconf php8.3-fpm

Test the config

sudo apachectl configtest

Should show you a warning we can ignore for now and "Syntax OK".

restart apache

sudo systemctl restart apache2

In the next steps, we enable MPM event, based on this guide: https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-configure-apache-http-with-mpm-event-and-php-fpm-on-ubuntu-18-04

sudo systemctl stop apache2

sudo a2dismod php8.3

should not exist

sudo a2dismod mpm_prefork

should already be disabled

sudo a2enmod mpm_event

should be enabled already

sudo apt install libapache2-mod-fcgid

should be installed already

sudo a2enconf php8.3-fpm

should be enabled already

sudo a2enmod proxy

should be enabled already

sudo a2enmod proxy_fcgi

should be enabled already

Test the config

sudo apachectl configtest

Should show you"Syntak OK". If you get a warning about the hostname, you can set the hostname by running this:

sudo hostnamectl set-hostname cloud.x_youdomain.com

if you run the test again, the warning should disapper.

restart apache

sudo systemctl restart apache2

check your config.

sudo apachectl -M | grep 'mpm'

should output

Output
mpm_event_module (shared)

and

sudo apachectl -M | grep 'proxy'

should output

Output
proxy_module (shared)
proxy_fcgi_module (shared)

It is now time to check if PHP is using the FastCGI Process Manager. To do so you’ll create a small PHP file that will show you all the information related to PHP.

sudo nano /var/www/html/info.php

insert this and save and exit

<?php phpinfo(); ?>

visit in your browser http://x_nextcloud_host_IPv4/phpinfo.php and you should see Server API FPM/FastCGI in the fourth line.

PHP settings

We wanna change the PHP memory limit and upload filesize. Replace 8.3 if you have a newer version of PHP.

sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/php.ini

We search for these settings to change (use ctrl+W to search in nano).

memory_limit = 1G
upload_max_filesize = 50G
post_max_size = 0
max_execution_time = 300
date.timezone = Europe/Amsterdam
opcache.interned_strings_buffer=16

Save and exit. Reload FPM

sudo systemctl reload php8.3-fpm.service 

after reloading the webpage, you should see the changes in info.php.

PHP-FPM default values are to low. Find appropiate values with this tool https://spot13.com/pmcalculator/. For me this is this: pm.max_children = 201 pm.start_servers = 50 pm.min_spare_servers = 50 pm.max_spare_servers = 50

and insert them here

sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf

in the same file, uncomment these environment variables:

;env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME
;env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
;env[TMP] = /tmp
;env[TMPDIR] = /tmp
;env[TEMP] = /tmp

You should see these changes on the webpage after you restart FPM

sudo systemctl reload php8.3-fpm.service 

Apache2

Create the data folder. You can also use a different location. Just make sure to replace /var/www/nextcloud/data everywhere with your data path.

sudo -u www-data mkdir /var/www/nextcloud/data

Configure Apache2

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud.conf

insert and change the x variable:

<VirtualHost *:80>
  DocumentRoot /var/www/nextcloud/
  ServerName  cloud.x_youromain.com

  <Directory /var/www/nextcloud/>
    Satisfy Any
    Require all granted
    AllowOverride All
    Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews

    <IfModule mod_dav.c>
      Dav off
    </IfModule>
  </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

Enable site and mods:

sudo a2ensite nextcloud.conf
sudo a2enmod rewrite headers env dir mime setenvif
sudo systemctl restart apache2

We disable the default page and delete the default folder.

sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf
sudo systemctl reload apache2
sudo rm -r /var/www/html

Test the config

sudo apachectl configtest

Certbot

This guide assumes you have Certbot installed. If you dont have it installed yet, Certbot currently recommends installing by using snap.

sudo apt install snapd
sudo snap install --classic certbot
sudo ln -s /snap/bin/certbot /usr/bin/certbot

For certbot to be sucessfull, you need an A or AAAA record that points to your instance with the open port 80.

sudo certbot --apache

Follow the certbot instructions. When asked if http should be redirected or not, say yes. If you have done everything right, it should automatically detect your hostname from the Apache2 config.

If you are unable to get a cert, most of the time there is something wrong with your firewall or DNS settings. From the outside, cloud.yourdomain.com should point to the IP of your nextcloud host. For IPv6 you need a firewall rule to allow traffic on port 80 to your nextcloud host. For IPv4, you need to NAT incoming Port 80 traffic to your nextcloud host. I can recommend you dnschecker.org, since you can input your domain name and the port 80 there. Port should be open.

To test if the automatic removal is working run

sudo certbot renew --dry-run

Install Nextcloud

You can install Nextcloud via the webGUI over IP, over the domain name or in the console. I would recommend you using your domain name. That way you can save some work and test if your DNS is working. On the webGUI you can define a admin username and password. We insert x_database_user and x_database_password and also the database name "nextcloud". Host we can leave at "localhost". Then click on install.

If you wan't to use CLI, use these commands:

cd /var/www/nextcloud/
sudo -u www-data php occ  maintenance:install \
--database='mysql' --database-name='nextcloud' \
--database-user='x_database_user' --database-pass='x_database_password' \
--admin-user='x_nextcloud_admin_user' --admin-pass='x_nextcloud_admin_user_password' \
--data-dir='/var/www/nextcloud/data'

Congrats, we now have a working Nextcloud instance! Depending on which you maybe now see a trusted domains error. That is fine. Now it needs security tweaks and some fine tuning!

PHP config settings

Depending if you used the CLI or webpage, some values maybe already correct.

Edit config.php file.

sudo nano /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

Set the trusted_domains array

  'trusted_domains' =>
  array (
    0 => 'cloud.x_youromain.com',
  ),

we also change the overrides:

  'overwrite.cli.url' => 'https://cloud.x_youromain.com',

while we are at it, you could also add these settings to match your locales:

  'default_language' => 'de',
  'default_locale' => 'de_DE',
  'default_phone_region' => 'DE',

save and exit

update the settings by

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess

Now you should be able to access cloud.x_youromain.com without untrusted domain warning. If the warning is still there, try to access it over your mobile to rule out an error in your local DNS settings.

Set up crontab

We wanna use crontab instead of AJAX.

sudo crontab -u www-data -e

press 1 to use nano and insert at the end

*/5  *  *  *  * php -f /var/www/nextcloud/cron.php

Change the settings by

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ background:cron

Mail

In the web GUI, go to user settings and insert the mail address for the x_nextcloud_admin_user you created earlier. Naviate to Administration -> Basic settings to set up outgoing mail. In my example, I am using Office365 with an AppPassword created in the account settings of MS365.

Servername: smtp.office365.com
Port: 587
Encryption: STARTTLS
Needs authentification, sender and user is [email protected] 
AppPasswort

Caching

Redis

Add redis to the www-data group

sudo usermod -a -G redis www-data

Configure Redis server

sudo nano /etc/redis/redis.conf

uncomment unixsocket /run/redis/redis-server.sock also uncomment and set unixsocketperm to 770 Exit and save. Restart redis

sudo service redis-server restart

Check output of redis

ls -lh /var/run/redis

Change nextcloud PHP config. While we are in this file, we also add the memcache.local for APCu.

sudo nano /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

Add:

  'memcache.local' => '\OC\Memcache\APCu',
  'memcache.locking' => '\OC\Memcache\Redis',
  'redis' =>
  array (
   'host'     => '/run/redis/redis-server.sock',
   'port'     => 0,
  ),

APCu

Change apcu.ini. Watch out for the PHP version

sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/conf.d/20-apcu.ini 

Change it to:

extension=apcu.so
apc.enabled=1
apc.enable_cli=1

To start APCu automatically use this command and replace the PHP version 8.3 if needed

sudo -u www-data php --define apc.enable_cli=1  /var/www/nextcloud/occ  maintenance:repair

Check if Opcache is working

php -r 'phpinfo();' | grep opcache.enable

Configure Apache2 HSTS

We set the strict transport security.

sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/nextcloud-le-ssl.conf

Insert the IfModule mod_headers. Your setting should look like this:

<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
<VirtualHost *:443>
  DocumentRoot /var/www/nextcloud/
  ServerName  cloud.x_yourdomain.com

  <Directory /var/www/nextcloud/>
    Satisfy Any
    Require all granted
    AllowOverride All
    Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews

    <IfModule mod_dav.c>
      Dav off
    </IfModule>

    <IfModule mod_headers.c>
      Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains; preload"
    </IfModule>
  </Directory>

SSLCertificateFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/cloud.yourdomain.com/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/letsencrypt/live/cloud.yourdomain.com/privkey.pem
Include /etc/letsencrypt/options-ssl-apache.conf
</VirtualHost>
</IfModule>

save and exit. Reload

sudo systemctl reload apache2

If you decided against HSTS, ditch the "preload" in the IfModule on use it like this instead

      Header always set Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubDomains"

Pretty URLs

Pretty URLs remove the index.php-part in all Nextcloud URLs, for example in sharing links like https://cloud.yourdomain.com/index.php/s/Sv1b7krAUqmF8QQ, making URLs shorter and thus prettier.

sudo nano /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

  'htaccess.RewriteBase' => '/',

save and exit. update htaccess

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:update:htaccess

maintenance window

We can define when a the maintenance window starts (UTC time!). By default, the maintenance windows ends 4 hours after the start. We start it at 1 in the morning.

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ config:system:set maintenance_window_start --type=integer --value=1

mimetype and indizes

sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ maintenance:repair --include-expensive
sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nextcloud/occ db:add-missing-indices

Congrats! You should no have no warnings in the admin center and a perfect score on scan.nextcloud.com!

NFS share as data directory (optional)

Instead of using local storage, you can move the data directory to a NFS mount.

sudo apt install nfs-common

Create a folder and a mountpoint in fstab. In this example the data dir is set to /mnt/nextcloud/data. Make sure the user www-data has write access.

sudo nano /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

add the line

'datadirectory' => '/mnt/nextcloud/data',

temp path for Update (optional)

Updates can take a long time if your data directory is on a NFS share. To speed it up, create an update directory that is on your local SSD instead.

sudo mkdir /var/www/updateDirNextcloud
sudo chown www-data:www-data /var/www/updateDirNextcloud
sudo nano /var/www/nextcloud/config/config.php

add the line

  'updatedirectory' => '/var/www/updateDirNextcloud',