-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 8
/
Copy pathbiblatex-latest.tex
15485 lines (11403 loc) · 953 KB
/
biblatex-latest.tex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
\documentclass{ltxdockit}[2011/03/25]
\usepackage{btxdockit}
\usepackage{fontspec}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{zref-xr}
\setmonofont{Courier New}
\setmainfont[Ligatures=TeX]{Linux Libertine O}
\setsansfont[Ligatures=TeX]{Linux Biolinum O}
\usepackage[american]{babel}
\usepackage[strict]{csquotes}
\usepackage{tabularx}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{shortvrb}
\usepackage{pifont}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{typearea}
\usepackage{mdframed}
\areaset[current]{370pt}{700pt}
\lstset{
basicstyle=\ttfamily,
keepspaces=true,
upquote=true,
frame=single,
breaklines=true,
postbreak=\raisebox{0ex}[0ex][0ex]{\ensuremath{\color{red}\hookrightarrow\space}}
}
\KOMAoptions{numbers=noenddot}
\addtokomafont{title}{\sffamily}
\addtokomafont{disposition}{\spotcolor}
\addtokomafont{descriptionlabel}{\spotcolor}
\setkomafont{caption}{\bfseries\sffamily\spotcolor}
\setkomafont{captionlabel}{\bfseries\sffamily\spotcolor}
\pretocmd{\cmd}{\sloppy}{}{}
\pretocmd{\bibfield}{\sloppy}{}{}
\pretocmd{\bibtype}{\sloppy}{}{}
\makeatletter
\RedeclareSectionCommand[%
beforeskip=-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex,%
afterskip=1.5ex \@plus .2ex,%
]{paragraph}
\RedeclareSectionCommand[%
beforeskip=-3.25ex\@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex,%
indent=\z@,%
]{subparagraph}
\makeatother
\MakeAutoQuote{«}{»}
\MakeAutoQuote*{<}{>}
\MakeShortVerb{\|}
\newcommand*{\allowbreakhere}{\discretionary{}{}{}}
\newcommand*{\biber}{\sty{biber}\xspace}
\newcommand*{\biblatex}{\sty{biblatex}\xspace}
\newcommand*{\biblatexml}{\sty{biblatexml}\xspace}
\newcommand*{\biblatexhome}{http://sourceforge.net/projects/biblatex/}
\newcommand*{\biblatexctan}{http://ctan.org/pkg/biblatex/}
\titlepage{%
title={The \biblatex Package},
subtitle={Programmable Bibliographies and Citations},
url={\biblatexhome},
author={Philipp Lehman \\(with Philip Kime, Moritz Wemheuer, Audrey Boruvka and Joseph Wright)},
email={},
revision={3.12},
date={\today}}
\hypersetup{%
pdftitle={The \biblatex Package},
pdfsubject={Programmable Bibliographies and Citations},
pdfauthor={Philipp Lehman, Philip Kime, Moritz Wemheuer},
pdfkeywords={tex, latex, bibtex, bibliography, references, citation}}
% tables
\newcolumntype{H}{>{\sffamily\bfseries\spotcolor}l}
\newcolumntype{L}{>{\raggedright\let\\=\tabularnewline}p}
\newcolumntype{R}{>{\raggedleft\let\\=\tabularnewline}p}
\newcolumntype{C}{>{\centering\let\\=\tabularnewline}p}
\newcolumntype{V}{>{\raggedright\let\\=\tabularnewline\ttfamily}p}
\newcommand*{\sorttablesetup}{%
\tablesetup
\ttfamily
\def\new{\makebox[1.25em][r]{\ensuremath\rightarrow}\,}%
\def\alt{\par\makebox[1.25em][r]{\ensuremath\hookrightarrow}\,}%
\def\note##1{\textrm{##1}}}
\newcommand{\tickmarkyes}{\Pisymbol{psy}{183}}
\newcommand{\tickmarkno}{\textendash}
\providecommand*{\textln}[1]{#1}
\providecommand*{\lnstyle}{}
% markup and misc
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}
\makeatletter
\newenvironment{nameparts}
{\trivlist\item
\tabular{@{}ll@{}}}
{\endtabular\endtrivlist}
\newenvironment{namedelims}
{\trivlist\item
\tabularx{\textwidth}{@{}c@{=}l>{\raggedright\let\\=\tabularnewline}X@{}}}
{\endtabularx\endtrivlist}
\newenvironment{namesample}
{\def\delim##1##2{\@delim{##1}{\normalfont\tiny\bfseries##2}}%
\def\@delim##1##2{{%
\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{##1}%
\@tempdima=\wd\@tempboxa
\wd\@tempboxa=\z@
\box\@tempboxa
\begingroup\spotcolor
\setbox\@tempboxa\hb@xt@\@tempdima{\hss##2\hss}%
\vrule\lower1.25ex\box\@tempboxa
\endgroup}}%
\ttfamily\trivlist
\setlength\itemsep{0.5\baselineskip}}
{\endtrivlist}
\makeatother
\newrobustcmd*{\Deprecated}{%
\textcolor{spot}{\margnotefont Deprecated}}
\newrobustcmd*{\DeprecatedMark}{%
\leavevmode\marginpar{\Deprecated}}
\newrobustcmd*{\LF}{%
\textcolor{spot}{\margnotefont Label field}}
\newrobustcmd*{\LFMark}{%
\leavevmode\marginpar{\LF}}
\newrobustcmd*{\CSdelim}{%
\textcolor{spot}{\margnotefont Context Sensitive}}
\newrobustcmd*{\CSdelimMark}{%
\leavevmode\marginpar{\CSdelim}}
\newcommand*{\seestyleexample}[1]{%
\leavevmode
\marginpar{%
\raggedright
\footnotesize
Style example:\\
\href{file:examples/#1.pdf}{local},
\href{http://mirrors.ctan.org/macros/latex/contrib/biblatex/doc/examples/#1.pdf}
{online}.}%
\ignorespaces}
% following snippet is based on code by Michael Ummels (TeX Stack Exchange)
% <http://tex.stackexchange.com/a/13073/8305>
\makeatletter
\newcommand\fnurl@[1]{\footnote{\url@{#1}}}
\DeclareRobustCommand{\fnurl}{\hyper@normalise\fnurl@}
\makeatother
\hyphenation{%
star-red
bib-lio-gra-phy
white-space
}
\begin{document}
\printtitlepage
\tableofcontents
\listoftables
\section{Introduction}
\label{int}
This document is a systematic reference manual for the \biblatex package. Look at the sample documents which come with \biblatex to get a first impression.\fnurl{\biblatexctan doc/examples}
For a quick start guide, browse \secref{int:abt, bib:typ, bib:fld, bib:use, use:opt, use:xbx, use:bib, use:cit, use:use}.
\subsection[About]{About \biblatex}
\label{int:abt}
This package provides advanced bibliographic facilities for use with \latex. The package is a complete reimplementation of the bibliographic facilities provided by \latex. The \biblatex\ package works with the \enquote{backend} (program) \biber, which is used to process \bibtex\ format data files and them performs all sorting, label generation (and a great deal more). Formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by \tex\ macros. Good working knowledge in \latex should be sufficient to design new bibliography and citation styles. This package also supports subdivided bibliographies, multiple bibliographies within one document, and separate lists of bibliographic information such as abbreviations of various fields. Bibliographies may be subdivided into parts and\slash or segmented by topics. Just like the bibliography styles, all citation commands may be freely defined. Features such as full Unicode support for bibliography data, customisable sorting, multiple bibliographies with different sorting, customisable labels and dynamic data modification are available. Please refer to \secref{int:pre:bibercompat} for information on \biber/\biblatex version compatibility. The package is completely localised and can interface with the \sty{babel} and \sty{polyglossia} packages. Please refer to \tabref{bib:fld:tab1} for a list of languages currently supported by this package.
\subsection{License}
Copyright \textcopyright\ 2006--2012 Philipp Lehman, 2012--2017 Philip Kime, Audrey Boruvka, Joseph Wright, 2018- Philip Kime and Moritz Wemheuer. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and\slash or modify this software under the terms of the \lppl, version 1.3.\fnurl{http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt}
\subsection{Feedback}
\label{int:feb}
Please use the \biblatex project page on GitHub to report bugs and submit feature requests.\fnurl{http://github.com/plk/biblatex} Before making a feature request, please ensure that you have thoroughly studied this manual. If you do not want to report a bug or request a feature but are simply in need of assistance, you might want to consider posting your question on the \texttt{comp.text.tex} newsgroup or \tex-\latex Stack Exchange.\fnurl{http://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/tagged/biblatex}
\subsection{Acknowledgements}
The language modules of this package are made possible thanks to the following contributors:
Augusto Ritter Stoffel, Mateus Araújo, Gustavo Barros (Brazilian);
Kaloyan Ganev (Bulgarian);
Sebastià Vila-Marta (Catalan);
Ivo Pletikosić (Croatian);
Michal Hoftich (Czech);
Christian Mondrup, Jonas Nyrup (Danish);
Johannes Wilm (Danish\slash Norwegian);
Alexander van Loon, Pieter Belmans, Hendrik Maryns (Dutch);
Kristian Kankainen, Benson Muite (Estonian);
Hannu Väisänen, Janne Kujanpää (Finnish);
Denis Bitouzé (French);
Apostolos Syropoulos, Prokopis (Greek);
Márton Marczell, Bence Ferdinandy (Hungarian);
Baldur Kristinsson (Icelandic);
Enrico Gregorio, Andrea Marchitelli (Italian);
Rihards Skuja (Latvian);
Håkon Malmedal, Hans Fredrik Nordhaug (Norwegian);
Anastasia Kandulina, Yuriy Chernyshov (Polish);
José Carlos Santos (Portuguese);
Oleg Domanov (Russian);
Martin Vrábel, Dávid Lupták (Slovak);
Tea Tušar, Bogdan Filipič (Slovene);
Ignacio Fernández Galván (Spanish);
Per Starbäck, Carl-Gustav Werner, Filip Åsblom (Swedish);
Sergiy M. Ponomarenko (Ukrainian).
\subsection{Prerequisites}
\label{int:pre}
This section gives an overview of all resources required by this package and discusses compatibility issues.
\subsubsection{Requirements}
\label{int:pre:req}
The resources listed in this section are strictly required for \biblatex to function. The package will not work if they are not available.
\begin{marglist}
\item[\etex]
The \biblatex package requires \etex. \tex distributions have been providing \etex binaries for quite some time, the popular distributions use them by default these days. The \biblatex package checks if it is running under \etex. Simply try compiling your documents as you usually do, the chances are that it just works. If you get an error message, try compiling the document with \bin{elatex} instead of \bin{latex} or \bin{pdfelatex} instead of \bin{pdflatex}, respectively.
\item[\biber]
\biber is the backend of \biblatex used to transfer data from source files to the \latex code. \biber comes with TeX Live and is also available from SourceForge.\fnurl{http://biblatex-biber.sourceforge.net/}. \biber uses the \texttt{btparse} C library for \bibtex format file parsing which aimed to be compatible with \bibtex's parsing rules but also aimed at correcting some of the common problems. For details, see the manual page for the Perl \texttt{Text::BibTeX} module\fnurl{http://search.cpan.org/~ambs/Text-BibTeX}.
\item[etoolbox]
This \latex package, which is loaded automatically, provides generic programming facilities required by \biblatex. It is available from \acr{CTAN}.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/etoolbox}
\item[kvoptions]
This \latex package, which is also loaded automatically, is used for internal option handling. It is available with the \sty{oberdiek} package bundle from \acr{CTAN}.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/kvoptions}
\item[logreq]
This \latex package, which is also loaded automatically, provides a frontend for writing machine-readable messages to an auxiliary log file. It is available from \acr{CTAN}.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/logreq/}
\item[pdftexcmds]
This \latex package, which is loaded automatically, implements \pdftex primitives for \luatex, it also offers a unified interface for these primitives across engines. It is available from \acr{CTAN}.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/pdftexcmds/}
\end{marglist}
Apart from the above resources, \biblatex also requires the standard \latex packages \sty{keyval} and \sty{ifthen} as well as the \sty{url} package. These package are included in all common \tex distributions and will be loaded automatically.
\subsubsection{Recommended Packages}
\label{int:pre:rec}
The packages listed in this section are not required for \biblatex to function, but they provide recommended additional functions or enhance existing features. The package loading order does not matter.
\begin{marglist}
\item[babel/polyglossia]
The \sty{babel} and \sty{polyglossia} packages provides the core architecture for multilingual typesetting. If you are writing in a language other than American English, using one of these packages is strongly recommended. You should load \sty{babel} or \sty{polyglossia} before \biblatex and then \biblatex will detect \sty{babel} or \sty{polyglossia} automatically.
\item[csquotes]
If this package is available, \biblatex will use its language sensitive quotation facilities to enclose certain titles in quotation marks. If not, \biblatex uses quotes suitable for American English as a fallback. When writing in a language other than American English, loading \sty{csquotes} is strongly recommended.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/csquotes/}
\item[xpatch]
The \sty{xpatch} package extends the patching commands of \sty{etoolbox} to \biblatex bibliography macros, drivers and formatting directives.\fnurl{http://ctan.org/pkg/xpatch/}
\end{marglist}
\subsubsection{Compatible Classes and Packages}
\label{int:pre:cmp}
The \biblatex package provides dedicated compatibility code for the classes and packages listed in this section.
\begin{marglist}
\item[hyperref]
The \sty{hyperref} package transforms citations into hyperlinks. See the \opt{hyperref} and \opt{backref} package options in \secref{use:opt:pre:gen} for further details. When using the \sty{hyperref} package, it is preferable to load it after \biblatex.
\item[showkeys]
The \sty{showkeys} package prints the internal keys of, among other things, citations in the text and items in the bibliography. The package loading order does not matter.
\item[memoir]
When using the \sty{memoir} class, the default bibliography headings are adapted such that they blend well with the default layout of this class. See \secref{use:cav:mem} for further usage hints.
\item[\acr{KOMA}-Script]
When using any of the \sty{scrartcl}, \sty{scrbook}, or \sty{scrreprt} classes, the default bibliography headings are adapted such that they blend with the default layout of these classes. See \secref{use:cav:scr} for further usage hints.
\end{marglist}
\subsubsection{Incompatible Packages}
\label{int:pre:inc}
The packages listed in this section are not compatible with \biblatex. Since it reimplements the bibliographic facilities of \latex from the ground up, \biblatex naturally conflicts with all packages modifying the same facilities. This is not specific to \biblatex. Some of the packages listed below are also incompatible with each other for the same reason.
\begin{marglist}
\item[babelbib]
The \sty{babelbib} package provides support for multilingual bibliographies. This is a standard feature of \biblatex. Use the \bibfield{langid} field and the package option \opt{autolang} for similar functionality. Note that \biblatex automatically adjusts to the main document language if \sty{babel} or \sty{polyglossia} is loaded. You only need the above mentioned features if you want to switch languages on a per"=entry basis within the bibliography. See \secref{bib:fld:spc, use:opt:pre:gen} for details. Also see \secref{use:lng}.
\item[backref]
The \sty{backref} package creates back references in the bibliography. See the package options \opt{hyperref} and \opt{backref} in \secref{use:opt:pre:gen} for comparable functionality.
\item[bibtopic]
The \sty{bibtopic} package provides support for bibliographies subdivided by topic, type, or other criteria. For bibliographies subdivided by topic, see the category feature in \secref{use:bib:cat} and the corresponding filters in \secref{use:bib:bib}. Alternatively, you may use the \bibfield{keywords} field in conjunction with the \opt{keyword} and \opt{notkeyword} filters for comparable functionality, see \secref{bib:fld:spc, use:bib:bib} for details. For bibliographies subdivided by type, use the \opt{type} and \opt{nottype} filters. Also see \secref{use:use:div} for examples.
\item[bibunits]
The \sty{bibunits} package provides support for multiple partial (\eg per chapter) bibliographies. See \sty{chapterbib}.
\item[chapterbib]
The \sty{chapterbib} package provides support for multiple partial bibliographies. Use the \env{refsection} environment and the \opt{section} filter for comparable functionality. Alternatively, you might also want to use the \env{refsegment} environment and the \opt{segment} filter. See \secref{use:bib:sec, use:bib:seg, use:bib:bib} for details. Also see \secref{use:use:mlt} for examples.
\item[cite]
The \sty{cite} package automatically sorts numeric citations and can compress a list of consecutive numbers to a range. It also makes the punctuation used in citations configurable. For sorted and compressed numeric citations, see the \opt{sortcites} package option in \secref{use:opt:pre:gen} and the \texttt{numeric-comp} citation style in \secref{use:xbx:cbx}. For configurable punctuation, see \secref{use:fmt}.
\item[citeref]
Another package for creating back references in the bibliography. See \sty{backref}.
\item[inlinebib]
The \sty{inlinebib} package is designed for traditional citations given in footnotes. For comparable functionality, see the verbose citation styles in \secref{use:xbx:cbx}.
\item[jurabib]
Originally designed for citations in law studies and (mostly German) judicial documents, the \sty{jurabib} package also provides features aimed at users in the humanities. In terms of the features provided, there are some similarities between \sty{jurabib} and \biblatex but the approaches taken by both packages are quite different. Since both \sty{jurabib} and \biblatex are full"=featured packages, the list of similarities and differences is too long to be discussed here.
\item[mcite]
The \sty{mcite} package provides support for grouped citations, \ie multiple items can be cited as a single reference and listed as a single block in the bibliography. The citation groups are defined as the items are cited. This only works with unsorted bibliographies. The \biblatex package also supports grouped citations, which are called <entry sets> or <reference sets> in this manual. See \secref{use:use:set,use:bib:set,use:cit:mct} for details.
\item[mciteplus]
A significantly enhanced reimplementation of the \sty{mcite} package which supports grouping in sorted bibliographies. See \sty{mcite}.
\item[multibib]
The \sty{multibib} package provides support for bibliographies subdivided by topic or other criteria. See \sty{bibtopic}.
\item[natbib]
The \sty{natbib} package supports numeric and author"=year citation schemes, incorporating sorting and compression code found in the \sty{cite} package. It also provides additional citation commands and several configuration options. See the \texttt{numeric} and \texttt{author-year} citation styles and their variants in \secref{use:xbx:cbx}, the \opt{sortcites} package option in \secref{use:opt:pre:gen}, the citation commands in \secref{use:cit}, and the facilities discussed in \secref{use:bib:hdg, use:bib:nts, use:fmt} for comparable functionality. Also see \secref{use:cit:nat}.
\item[splitbib]
The \sty{splitbib} package provides support for bibliographies subdivided by topic. See \sty{bibtopic}.
\item[titlesec]
The \sty{titlesec} package redefines user-level document division commands such as \cmd{chapter} or \cmd{section}. This approach is not compatible with internal command changes applied by the \biblatex \opt{refsection}, \opt{refsegment} and \opt{citereset} option settings described in \secref{use:opt:pre:gen}.
\item[ucs]
The \sty{ucs} package provides support for \utf encoded input. Either use \sty{inputenc}'s standard \file{utf8} module or a Unicode enabled engine such as \xetex or \luatex instead.
\item[etextools]
The \sty{etextools} package provides enhancements to list macros defined by \sty{etoolbox} and a few other tools for command definitions.
The package redefines list handling macros in a way incompatible with \biblatex.
If you must load the \sty{etextools} package at all costs, define the control sequence \cs{blx@noerroretextools} before you load \biblatex.
If \cs{blx@noerroretextools} is defined, no error will be issued if \sty{etextools} is loaded, the message is degraded to a warning instead.
In that case you need to make sure that all redefined macros used by \biblatex\ (currently only \cmd{forlistloop}) have their original \sty{etoolbox} definitions when \biblatex\ is loaded.
\end{marglist}
\subsubsection{Compatibility Matrix for \biber}
\label{int:pre:bibercompat}
\biber\ versions are closely coupled with \biblatex\ versions. You
need to have the right combination of the two. \biber\ will throw a fatal error
during processing if it encounters information which comes from a
\biblatex\ version which is incompatible. \Tabref{tab:int:pre:bibercompat} shows a
compatibility matrix for the recent versions.
\begin{table}
\tablesetup\centering
\begin{tabular}{cc}
\toprule
\sffamily\bfseries\spotcolor Biber version
& \sffamily\bfseries\spotcolor \biblatex\ version\\
\midrule
2.13 & 3.13\\
2.12 & 3.12\\
2.11 & 3.11\\
2.10 & 3.10\\
2.9 & 3.9\\
2.8 & 3.8\\
2.7 & 3.7\\
2.6 & 3.5, 3.6\\
2.5 & 3.4\\
2.4 & 3.3\\
2.3 & 3.2\\
2.2 & 3.1\\
2.1 & 3.0\\
2.0 & 3.0\\
1.9 & 2.9\\
1.8 & 2.8\\
1.7 & 2.7\\
1.6 & 2.6\\
1.5 & 2.5\\
1.4 & 2.4\\
1.3 & 2.3\\
1.2 & 2.1, 2.2\\
1.1 & 2.1\\
1.0 & 2.0\\
0.9.9 & 1.7x\\
0.9.8 & 1.7x\\
0.9.7 & 1.7x\\
0.9.6 & 1.7x\\
0.9.5 & 1.6x\\
0.9.4 & 1.5x\\
0.9.3 & 1.5x\\
0.9.2 & 1.4x\\
0.9.1 & 1.4x\\
0.9 & 1.4x\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{\biber/\biblatex\ compatibility matrix}
\label{tab:int:pre:bibercompat}
\end{table}
\section{Database Guide}
\label{bib}
This section describes the default data model defined in the \file{blx-dm.def} file which is part of \path{biblatex}. The data model is defined using the macros documented in \secref{aut:ctm:dm}. It is possible to redefine the data model which both \biblatex and \biber use so that datasources can contain new entrytypes and fields (which of course will need style support). The data model specification also allows for constraints to be defined so that data sources can be validated against the data model (using \biber's \opt{--validate-datamodel} option). Users who want to customise the data model need to look at the \file{blx-dm.def} file and to read \secref{aut:ctm:dm}.
\subsection{Entry Types}
\label{bib:typ}
This section gives an overview of the entry types supported by the default \biblatex data model along with the fields supported by each type.
\subsubsection{Regular Types}
\label{bib:typ:blx}
The lists below indicate the fields supported by each entry type. Note that the mapping of fields to an entry type is ultimately at the discretion of the bibliography style. The lists below therefore serve two purposes. They indicate the fields supported by the standard styles which come with this package and they also serve as a model for custom styles. Note that the <required> fields are not strictly required in all cases, see \secref{bib:use:key} for details. The fields marked as <optional> are optional in a technical sense. Bibliographical formatting rules usually require more than just the <required> fields. The default data model defined a few constraints for the format of date fields, ISBNs and some special fields like \bibfield{gender} but the constraints are only used if validating against the data model with \biber's \opt{--validate-datamodel} option. Generic fields like \bibfield{abstract} and \bibfield{annotation} or \bibfield{label} and \bibfield{shorthand} are not included in the lists below because they are independent of the entry type. The special fields discussed in \secref{bib:fld:spc}, which are also independent of the entry type, are not included in the lists either. See the default data model specification in the file \file{blx-dm.def} which comes with \biblatex for a complete specification.
The <alias> relation referred to in this subsection is the <soft alias> defined with \cmd{DeclareBibliographyAlias}. That means that the alias will use the same bibliography driver as the type it is aliased to, but that its type-specific formatting is still handled independently of the aliased type.
\begin{typelist}
\typeitem{article}
An article in a journal, magazine, newspaper, or other periodical which forms a self"=contained unit with its own title. The title of the periodical is given in the \bibfield{journaltitle} field. If the issue has its own title in addition to the main title of the periodical, it goes in the \bibfield{issuetitle} field. Note that \bibfield{editor} and related fields refer to the journal while \bibfield{translator} and related fields refer to the article.
\reqitem{author, title, journaltitle, year/date}
\optitem{translator, annotator, commentator, subtitle, titleaddon, editor, editora, editorb, editorc, journalsubtitle, issuetitle, issuesubtitle, language, origlanguage, series, volume, number, eid, issue, month, pages, version, note, issn, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{book}
A single"=volume book with one or more authors where the authors share credit for the work as a whole. This entry type also covers the function of the \bibtype{inbook} type of traditional \bibtex, see \secref{bib:use:inb} for details.
\reqitem{author, title, year/date}
\optitem{editor, editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, language, origlanguage, volume, part, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{mvbook}
A multi"=volume \bibtype{book}. For backwards compatibility, multi"=volume books are also supported by the entry type \bibtype{book}. However, it is advisable to make use of the dedicated entry type \bibtype{mvbook}.
\reqitem{author, title, year/date}
\optitem{editor, editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, language, origlanguage, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{inbook}
A part of a book which forms a self"=contained unit with its own title. Note that the profile of this entry type is different from standard \bibtex, see \secref{bib:use:inb}.
\reqitem{author, title, booktitle, year/date}
\optitem{bookauthor, editor, editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, booksubtitle, booktitleaddon, language, origlanguage, volume, part, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, chapter, pages, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{bookinbook}
This type is similar to \bibtype{inbook} but intended for works originally published as a stand-alone book. A typical example are books reprinted in the collected works of an author.
\typeitem{suppbook}
Supplemental material in a \bibtype{book}. This type is closely related to the \bibtype{inbook} entry type. While \bibtype{inbook} is primarily intended for a part of a book with its own title (\eg a single essay in a collection of essays by the same author), this type is provided for elements such as prefaces, introductions, forewords, afterwords, etc. which often have a generic title only. Style guides may require such items to be formatted differently from other \bibtype{inbook} items. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{inbook}.
\typeitem{booklet}
A book"=like work without a formal publisher or sponsoring institution. Use the field \bibfield{howpublished} to supply publishing information in free format, if applicable. The field \bibfield{type} may be useful as well.
\reqitem{author/editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, howpublished, type, note, location, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{collection}
A single"=volume collection with multiple, self"=contained contributions by distinct authors which have their own title. The work as a whole has no overall author but it will usually have an editor.
\reqitem{editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, language, origlanguage, volume, part, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{mvcollection}
A multi"=volume \bibtype{collection}. For backwards compatibility, multi"=volume collections are also supported by the entry type \bibtype{collection}. However, it is advisable to make use of the dedicated entry type \bibtype{mvcollection}.
\reqitem{editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, language, origlanguage, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{incollection}
A contribution to a collection which forms a self"=contained unit with a distinct author and title. The \bibfield{author} refers to the \bibfield{title}, the \bibfield{editor} to the \bibfield{booktitle}, \ie the title of the collection.
\reqitem{author, title, booktitle, year/date}
\optitem{editor, editora, editorb, editorc, translator, annotator, commentator, introduction, foreword, afterword, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, booksubtitle, booktitleaddon, language, origlanguage, volume, part, edition, volumes, series, number, note, publisher, location, isbn, chapter, pages, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{suppcollection}
Supplemental material in a \bibtype{collection}. This type is similar to \bibtype{suppbook} but related to the \bibtype{collection} entry type. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{incollection}.
\typeitem{manual}
Technical or other documentation, not necessarily in printed form. The \bibfield{author} or \bibfield{editor} is omissible in terms of \secref{bib:use:key}.
\reqitem{author/editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, edition, type, series, number, version, note, organization, publisher, location, isbn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{misc}
A fallback type for entries which do not fit into any other category. Use the field \bibfield{howpublished} to supply publishing information in free format, if applicable. The field \bibfield{type} may be useful as well. \bibfield{author}, \bibfield{editor}, and \bibfield{year} are omissible in terms of \secref{bib:use:key}.
\reqitem{author/editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, howpublished, type, version, note, organization, location, month, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{online}
An online resource. \bibfield{author}, \bibfield{editor}, and \bibfield{year} are omissible in terms of \secref{bib:use:key}. This entry type is intended for sources such as web sites which are intrinsically online resources. Note that all entry types support the \bibfield{url} field. For example, when adding an article from an online journal, it may be preferable to use the \bibtype{article} type and its \bibfield{url} field.
\reqitem{author/editor, title, year/date, doi/eprint/url}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, version, note, organization, month, addendum, pubstate, eprintclass, eprinttype, urldate}
\typeitem{patent}
A patent or patent request. The number or record token is given in the \bibfield{number} field. Use the \bibfield{type} field to specify the type and the \bibfield{location} field to indicate the scope of the patent, if different from the scope implied by the \bibfield{type}. Note that the \bibfield{location} field is treated as a key list with this entry type, see \secref{bib:fld:typ} for details.
\reqitem{author, title, number, year/date}
\optitem{holder, subtitle, titleaddon, type, version, location, note, month, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{periodical}
An complete issue of a periodical, such as a special issue of a journal. The title of the periodical is given in the \bibfield{title} field. If the issue has its own title in addition to the main title of the periodical, it goes in the \bibfield{issuetitle} field. The \bibfield{editor} is omissible in terms of \secref{bib:use:key}.
\reqitem{editor, title, year/date}
\optitem{editora, editorb, editorc, subtitle, issuetitle, issuesubtitle, language, series, volume, number, issue, month, note, issn, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{suppperiodical}
Supplemental material in a \bibtype{periodical}. This type is similar to \bibtype{suppbook} but related to the \bibtype{periodical} entry type. The role of this entry type may be more obvious if you bear in mind that the \bibtype{article} type could also be called \bibtype{inperiodical}. This type may be useful when referring to items such as regular columns, obituaries, letters to the editor, etc. which only have a generic title. Style guides may require such items to be formatted differently from articles in the strict sense of the word. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{article}.
\typeitem{proceedings}
A single"=volume conference proceedings. This type is very similar to \bibtype{collection}. It supports an optional \bibfield{organization} field which holds the sponsoring institution. The \bibfield{editor} is omissible in terms of \secref{bib:use:key}.
\reqitem{title, year/date}
\optitem{editor, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, eventtitle, eventtitleaddon, eventdate, venue, language, volume, part, volumes, series, number, note, organization, publisher, location, month, isbn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{mvproceedings}
A multi"=volume \bibtype{proceedings} entry. For backwards compatibility, multi"=volume proceedings are also supported by the entry type \bibtype{proceedings}. However, it is advisable to make use of the dedicated entry type \bibtype{mvproceedings}
\reqitem{title, year/date}
\optitem{editor, subtitle, titleaddon, eventtitle, eventtitleaddon, eventdate, venue, language, volumes, series, number, note, organization, publisher, location, month, isbn, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{inproceedings}
An article in a conference proceedings. This type is similar to \bibtype{incollection}. It supports an optional \bibfield{organization} field.
\reqitem{author, title, booktitle, year/date}
\optitem{editor, subtitle, titleaddon, maintitle, mainsubtitle, maintitleaddon, booksubtitle, booktitleaddon, eventtitle, eventtitleaddon, eventdate, venue, language, volume, part, volumes, series, number, note, organization, publisher, location, month, isbn, chapter, pages, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{reference}
A single"=volume work of reference such as an encyclopedia or a dictionary. This is a more specific variant of the generic \bibtype{collection} entry type. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{collection}.
\typeitem{mvreference}
A multi"=volume \bibtype{reference} entry. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{mvcollection}. For backwards compatibility, multi"=volume references are also supported by the entry type \bibtype{reference}. However, it is advisable to make use of the dedicated entry type \bibtype{mvreference}.
\typeitem{inreference}
An article in a work of reference. This is a more specific variant of the generic \bibtype{incollection} entry type. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{incollection}.
\typeitem{report}
A technical report, research report, or white paper published by a university or some other institution. Use the \bibfield{type} field to specify the type of report. The sponsoring institution goes in the \bibfield{institution} field.
\reqitem{author, title, type, institution, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, number, version, note, location, month, isrn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{set}
An entry set. This entry type is special, see \secref{use:use:set} for details.
\typeitem{thesis}
A thesis written for an educational institution to satisfy the requirements for a degree. Use the \bibfield{type} field to specify the type of thesis.
\reqitem{author, title, type, institution, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, language, note, location, month, isbn, chapter, pages, pagetotal, addendum, pubstate, doi, eprint, eprintclass, eprinttype, url, urldate}
\typeitem{unpublished}
A work with an author and a title which has not been formally published, such as a manuscript or the script of a talk. Use the fields \bibfield{howpublished} and \bibfield{note} to supply additional information in free format, if applicable.
\reqitem{author, title, year/date}
\optitem{subtitle, titleaddon, type, eventtitle, eventtitleaddon, eventdate, venue, language, howpublished, note, location, isbn, month, addendum, pubstate, url, urldate}
\typeitem{xdata}
This entry type is special. \bibtype{xdata} entries hold data which may be inherited by other entries using the \bibfield{xdata} field. Entries of this type only serve as data containers; they may not be cited or added to the bibliography. See \secref{use:use:xdat} for details.
\typeitem{custom[a--f]}
Custom types for special bibliography styles. The standard styles defined no bibliography drivers for these types.
\end{typelist}
\subsubsection{Type Aliases}
\label{bib:typ:als}
The entry types listed in this section are provided for backwards compatibility with traditional \bibtex styles. These aliases are resolved by the backend as the data is processed. Bibliography styles will see the entry type the alias points to, not the alias name. This <hard alias> is unlike the <soft alias> relation in the previous subsection. The relevant mappings for the \opt{bibtex} driver can be found in~\secref{apx:maps:bibtex}.
\begin{typelist}
\typeitem{conference} A legacy alias for \bibtype{inproceedings}.
\typeitem{electronic} An alias for \bibtype{online}.
\typeitem{mastersthesis} Similar to \bibtype{thesis} except that the \bibfield{type} field is optional and defaults to the localised term <Master's thesis>. You may still use the \bibfield{type} field to override that.
\typeitem{phdthesis} Similar to \bibtype{thesis} except that the \bibfield{type} field is optional and defaults to the localised term <PhD thesis>. You may still use the \bibfield{type} field to override that.
\typeitem{techreport} Similar to \bibtype{report} except that the \bibfield{type} field is optional and defaults to the localised term <technical report>. You may still use the \bibfield{type} field to override that.
\typeitem{www}
An alias for \bibtype{online}, provided for \sty{jurabib} compatibility.
\end{typelist}
\subsubsection{Non-standard Types}
\label{bib:typ:ctm}
The types in this section are similar to the custom types \bibtype{custom[a--f]}, \ie the standard bibliography styles provide no bibliography drivers for these types. When using the standard styles, they will therefore generally be treated as \bibtype{misc} entries---exceptions to this rule are noted in the descriptions below. The types are known to the default data model and will be happily accepted by \biber.
\begin{typelist}
\typeitem{artwork}
Works of the visual arts such as paintings, sculpture, and installations.
\typeitem{audio}
Audio recordings, typically on audio \acr{CD}, \acr{DVD}, audio cassette, or similar media. See also \bibtype{music}.
\typeitem{bibnote}
This special entry type is not meant to be used in the \file{bib} file like other types. It is provided for third-party packages like \sty{notes2bib} which merge notes into the bibliography. The notes should go into the \bibfield{note} field. Be advised that the \bibtype{bibnote} type is not related to the \cmd{defbibnote} command in any way. \cmd{defbibnote} is for adding comments at the beginning or the end of the bibliography, whereas the \bibtype{bibnote} type is meant for packages which render endnotes as bibliography entries.
\typeitem{commentary}
Commentaries which have a status different from regular books, such as legal commentaries.
\typeitem{image}
Images, pictures, photographs, and similar media.
\typeitem{jurisdiction}
Court decisions, court recordings, and similar things.
\typeitem{legislation}
Laws, bills, legislative proposals, and similar things.
\typeitem{legal}
Legal documents such as treaties.
\typeitem{letter}
Personal correspondence such as letters, emails, memoranda, etc.
\typeitem{movie}
Motion pictures. See also \bibtype{video}.
\typeitem{music}
Musical recordings. This is a more specific variant of \bibtype{audio}.
\typeitem{performance}
Musical and theatrical performances as well as other works of the performing arts. This type refers to the event as opposed to a recording, a score, or a printed play.
\typeitem{review}
Reviews of some other work. This is a more specific variant of the \bibtype{article} type. The standard styles will treat this entry type as an alias for \bibtype{article}.
\typeitem{software}
Computer software.
\typeitem{standard}
National and international standards issued by a standards body such as the International Organization for Standardization.
\typeitem{video}
Audiovisual recordings, typically on \acr{DVD}, \acr{VHS} cassette, or similar media. See also \bibtype{movie}.
\end{typelist}
\subsection{Entry Fields}
\label{bib:fld}
This section gives an overview of the fields supported by the \biblatex default data model. See \secref{bib:fld:typ} for an introduction to the data types used by the data model specification and \secref{bib:fld:dat, bib:fld:spc} for the actual field listings.
\subsubsection{Data Types}
\label{bib:fld:typ}
In datasources such as a \file{bib} file, all bibliographic data is specified in fields. Some of those fields, for example \bibfield{author} and \bibfield{editor}, may contain a list of items. This list structure is implemented by the \bibtex file format via the keyword <|and|>, which is used to separate the individual items in the list. The \biblatex package implements three distinct data types to handle bibliographic data: name lists, literal lists, and fields. There are also several list and field subtypes and a content type which can be used to semantically distinguish fields which are otherwise not distinguishable on the basis of only their datatype (see \secref{aut:ctm:dm}). This section gives an overview of the data types supported by this package. See \secref{bib:fld:dat, bib:fld:spc} for information about the mapping of the \bibtex file format fields to \biblatex's data types.
\begin{description}
\item[Name lists] are parsed and split up into the individual items at the \texttt{and} delimiter. Each item in the list is then dissected into the name part components: by default the given name, the name prefix (von, van, of, da, de, della, \dots), the family name, and the name suffix (junior, senior, \dots). The valid name parts can be customised by changing the datamodel definition described in \secref{aut:bbx:drv}. Name lists may be truncated in the \file{bib} file with the keyword <\texttt{and others}>. Typical examples of name lists are \bibfield{author} and \bibfield{editor}.
Name list fields automatically have an \cmd{ifuse*} test created as per the name lists in the default data model (see \secref{aut:aux:tst}). They are also automatically have a \opt{ifuse*} option created which controls labelling and sorting behaviour with the name (see \secref{use:opt:bib:hyb}). \biber supports a customisable set of name parts but currently this is defined to be the same set of parts as supported by traditional \bibtex:
\begin{itemize}
\item Family name (also known as <last> part)
\item Given name (also known as <first> part)
\item Name prefix (also known as <von> part)
\item Name suffix (also known as <Jr> part)
\end{itemize}
The supported list of name parts is defined as a constant list in the default data model using the \cmd{DeclareDatamodelConstant} command (see \ref{aut:ctm:dm}). However, it is not enough to simply add to this list in order to add support for another name part as name parts typically have to be hard coded into bibliography drivers and the backend processing. See the example file \file{93-nameparts.tex} for details on how to define and use custom name parts. Also see \cmd{DeclareUniquenameTemplate} in \secref{aut:cav:amb} for information on how to customise name disambiguation using custom name parts.
\item[Literal lists] are parsed and split up into the individual items at the \texttt{and} delimiter but not dissected further. Literal lists may be truncated in the \file{bib} file with the keyword <\texttt{and others}>. There are two subtypes:
\begin{description}
\item[Literal lists] in the strict sense are handled as described above. The individual items are simply printed as is. Typical examples of such literal lists are \bibfield{publisher} and \bibfield{location}.
\item[Key lists] are a variant of literal lists which may hold printable data or localisation keys. For each item in the list, styles should perform a test to determine whether it is a known localisation key (the localisation keys defined by default are listed in \secref{aut:lng:key}). If so, the localised string should be printed. If not, the item should be printed as is. The standard styles are set up to exhibit this behaviour for all key lists listed below. New key lists do not automatically perform this test, it has to be implemented explicitly via the list format. A typical example of a key list is \bibfield{language}.
\end{description}
\end{description}
\begin{description}
\item[Fields] are usually printed as a whole. There are several subtypes:
\begin{description}
\item[Literal fields] are printed as is. Typical examples of literal fields are \bibfield{title} and \bibfield{note}.
\item[Range fields] consist of one or more ranges where all dashes are normalized and replaced by the command \cmd{bibrangedash}. A range is something optionally followed by one or more dashes optionally followed by some non-dash (e.g. \texttt{5--7}). Any number of consecutive dashes will only yield a single range dash. A typical example of a range field is the \bibfield{pages} field. See also the \cmd{bibrangessep} command which can be used to customise the separator between multiple ranges. Range fields will be skipped and will generate a warning if they do not consist of one or more ranges. You can normalise messy range fields before they are parsed using \cmd{DeclareSourcemap} (see \secref{aut:ctm:map}).
\item[Integer fields] hold integers which may be converted to ordinals or strings as they are printed. A typical example is the \bibfield{extradate} or \bibfield{volume} field. Such fields are sorted as integers. \biber makes a (quite serious) effort to map non-arabic representations (roman numerals for example) to integers for sorting purposes. See the \opt{noroman} option which can be used to suppress roman numeral parsing. This can help in cases where there is an ambiguity between parsing as roman numerals or alphanumeric (e.g. <C>), see \secref{use:opt:pre:int}.
\item[Datepart fields] hold unformatted integers which may be converted to ordinals or strings as they are printed. A typical example is the \bibfield{month} field. For every field of datatype \bibfield{date} in the datamodel, datepart fields are automatically created with the following names: \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$year}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endyear}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$month}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endmonth}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$day}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endday}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$hour}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endhour}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$minute}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endminute}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$second}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endsecond}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$timezone}, \bibfield{$<$datetype$>$endtimezone}. $<$datetype$>$ is the string preceding <date> for any datamodel field of \kvopt{datatype}{date}. For example, in the default datamodel, <event>, <orig>, <url> and the empty string <> for the date field \bibfield{date}.
\item[Date fields] hold a date specification in \texttt{yyyy-mm-ddThh:nn[+|-][hh[:nn]|Z]} format or a date range in \texttt{yyyy-mm-ddThh:nn[+|-][hh[:nn]|Z]/yyyy-mm-ddThh:nn[+|-][hh[:nn]|Z]} format and other formats permitted by \acr{ISO8601-2} Clause 4, level 1, see \secref{bib:use:dat}. Date fields are special in that the date is parsed and split up into its datepart type components. The \bibfield{datepart} components (see above) are automatically defined and recognised when a field of datatype \bibfield{date} is defined in the datamodel. A typical example is the \bibfield{date} field.
\item[Verbatim fields] are processed in verbatim mode and may contain special characters. Typical examples of verbatim fields are \bibfield{file} and \bibfield{doi}.
\item[URI fields] are processed in verbatim mode and may contain special characters. They are also URL-escaped if they don't look like they already are. The typical example of a uri field is \bibfield{url}.
\item[Separated value fields] A separated list of literal values. Examples are the \bibfield{keywords} and \bibfield{options} fields. The separator can be configured to be any Perl regular expression via the \opt{xsvsep} option which defaults to the usual \bibtex comma surrounded by optional whitespace.
\item[Pattern fields] A literal field which must match a particular pattern. An example is the \bibfield{gender} field from \secref{bib:fld:spc}.
\item[Key fields] May hold printable data or localisation keys. Styles should perform a test to determine whether the value of the field is a known localisation key (the localisation keys defined by default are listed in \secref{aut:lng:key}). If so, the localised string should be printed. If not, the value should be printed as is. The standard styles are set up to handle all key fields listed below in that way. New key fields do not automatically perform the test, it has to be enabled explicitly in the field format. A typical example is the \bibfield{type} field.
\item[Code fields] Holds \tex code.
\end{description}
\end{description}
\subsubsection{Data Fields}
\label{bib:fld:dat}
The fields listed in this section are the regular ones holding printable data in the default data model. The name on the left is the default data model name of the field as used by \biblatex and its backend. The \biblatex data type is given to the right of the name. See \secref{bib:fld:typ} for explanation of the various data types.
Some fields are marked as <label> fields which means that they are often used as abbreviation labels when printing bibliography lists in the sense of section \secref{use:bib:biblist}. \biblatex automatically creates supporting macros for such fields. See \secref{use:bib:biblist}.
\begin{fieldlist}
\fielditem{abstract}{literal}
This field is intended for recording abstracts in a \file{bib} file, to be printed by a special bibliography style. It is not used by all standard bibliography styles.
\fielditem{addendum}{literal}
Miscellaneous bibliographic data to be printed at the end of the entry. This is similar to the \bibfield{note} field except that it is printed at the end of the bibliography entry.
\listitem{afterword}{name}
The author(s) of an afterword to the work. If the author of the afterword is identical to the \bibfield{editor} and\slash or \bibfield{translator}, the standard styles will automatically concatenate these fields in the bibliography. See also \bibfield{introduction} and \bibfield{foreword}.
\fielditem{annotation}{literal}
This field may be useful when implementing a style for annotated bibliographies. It is not used by all standard bibliography styles. Note that this field is completely unrelated to \bibfield{annotator}. The \bibfield{annotator} is the author of annotations which are part of the work cited.
\listitem{annotator}{name}
The author(s) of annotations to the work. If the annotator is identical to the \bibfield{editor} and\slash or \bibfield{translator}, the standard styles will automatically concatenate these fields in the bibliography. See also \bibfield{commentator}.
\listitem{author}{name}
The author(s) of the \bibfield{title}.
\fielditem{authortype}{key}
The type of author. This field will affect the string (if any) used to introduce the author. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\listitem{bookauthor}{name}
The author(s) of the \bibfield{booktitle}.
\fielditem{bookpagination}{key}
If the work is published as part of another one, this is the pagination scheme of the enclosing work, \ie \bibfield{bookpagination} relates to \bibfield{pagination} like \bibfield{booktitle} to \bibfield{title}. The value of this field will affect the formatting of the \bibfield{pages} and \bibfield{pagetotal} fields. The key should be given in the singular form. Possible keys are \texttt{page}, \texttt{column}, \texttt{line}, \texttt{verse}, \texttt{section}, and \texttt{paragraph}. See also \bibfield{pagination} as well as \secref{bib:use:pag}.
\fielditem{booksubtitle}{literal}
The subtitle related to the \bibfield{booktitle}. If the \bibfield{subtitle} field refers to a work which is part of a larger publication, a possible subtitle of the main work is given in this field. See also \bibfield{subtitle}.
\fielditem{booktitle}{literal}
If the \bibfield{title} field indicates the title of a work which is part of a larger publication, the title of the main work is given in this field. See also \bibfield{title}.
\fielditem{booktitleaddon}{literal}
An annex to the \bibfield{booktitle}, to be printed in a different font.
\fielditem{chapter}{literal}
A chapter or section or any other unit of a work.
\listitem{commentator}{name}
The author(s) of a commentary to the work. Note that this field is intended for commented editions which have a commentator in addition to the author. If the work is a stand"=alone commentary, the commentator should be given in the \bibfield{author} field. If the commentator is identical to the \bibfield{editor} and\slash or \bibfield{translator}, the standard styles will automatically concatenate these fields in the bibliography. See also \bibfield{annotator}.
\fielditem{date}{date}
The publication date. See also \bibfield{month} and \bibfield{year} as well as \secref{bib:use:dat}.
\fielditem{doi}{verbatim}
The Digital Object Identifier of the work.
\fielditem{edition}{integer or literal}
The edition of a printed publication. This must be an integer, not an ordinal. Don't say |edition={First}| or |edition={1st}| but |edition={1}|. The bibliography style converts this to a language dependent ordinal. It is also possible to give the edition as a literal string, for example «Third, revised and expanded edition».
\listitem{editor}{name}
The editor(s) of the \bibfield{title}, \bibfield{booktitle}, or \bibfield{maintitle}, depending on the entry type. Use the \bibfield{editortype} field to specify the role if it is different from <\texttt{editor}>. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\listitem{editora}{name}
A secondary editor performing a different editorial role, such as compiling, redacting, etc. Use the \bibfield{editoratype} field to specify the role. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\listitem{editorb}{name}
Another secondary editor performing a different role. Use the \bibfield{editorbtype} field to specify the role. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\listitem{editorc}{name}
Another secondary editor performing a different role. Use the \bibfield{editorctype} field to specify the role. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\fielditem{editortype}{key}
The type of editorial role performed by the \bibfield{editor}. Roles supported by default are \texttt{editor}, \texttt{compiler}, \texttt{founder}, \texttt{continuator}, \texttt{redactor}, \texttt{reviser}, \texttt{collaborator}, \texttt{organizer}. The role <\texttt{editor}> is the default. In this case, the field is omissible. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\fielditem{editoratype}{key}
Similar to \bibfield{editortype} but referring to the \bibfield{editora} field. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\fielditem{editorbtype}{key}
Similar to \bibfield{editortype} but referring to the \bibfield{editorb} field. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\fielditem{editorctype}{key}
Similar to \bibfield{editortype} but referring to the \bibfield{editorc} field. See \secref{bib:use:edr} for further hints.
\fielditem{eid}{literal}
The electronic identifier of an \bibtype{article}. This field may replace the \bibfield{pages} field for journals deviating from the classic pagination scheme of printed journals by only enumerating articles or papers and not pages.
\fielditem{entrysubtype}{literal}
This field, which is not used by the standard styles, may be used to specify a subtype of an entry type. This may be useful for bibliography styles which support a finer"=grained set of entry types.
\fielditem{eprint}{verbatim}
The electronic identifier of an online publication. This is roughly comparable to a \acr{doi} but specific to a certain archive, repository, service, or system. See \secref{use:use:epr} for details. Also see \bibfield{eprinttype} and \bibfield{eprintclass}.
\fielditem{eprintclass}{literal}
Additional information related to the resource indicated by the \bibfield{eprinttype} field. This could be a section of an archive, a path indicating a service, a classification of some sort, etc. See \secref{use:use:epr} for details. Also see \bibfield{eprint} and \bibfield{eprinttype}.
\fielditem{eprinttype}{literal}
The type of \bibfield{eprint} identifier, \eg the name of the archive, repository, service, or system the \bibfield{eprint} field refers to. See \secref{use:use:epr} for details. Also see \bibfield{eprint} and \bibfield{eprintclass}.
\fielditem{eventdate}{date}
The date of a conference, a symposium, or some other event in \bibtype{proceedings} and \bibtype{inproceedings} entries. This field may also be useful for the custom types listed in \secref{bib:typ:ctm}. See also \bibfield{eventtitle} and \bibfield{venue} as well as \secref{bib:use:dat}.
\fielditem{eventtitle}{literal}
The title of a conference, a symposium, or some other event in \bibtype{proceedings} and \bibtype{inproceedings} entries. This field may also be useful for the custom types listed in \secref{bib:typ:ctm}. Note that this field holds the plain title of the event. Things like «Proceedings of the Fifth XYZ Conference» go into the \bibfield{titleaddon} or \bibfield{booktitleaddon} field, respectively. See also \bibfield{eventdate} and \bibfield{venue}.
\fielditem{eventtitleaddon}{literal}
An annex to the \bibfield{eventtitle} field. Can be used for known event acronyms, for example.
\fielditem{file}{verbatim}
A local link to a \acr{pdf} or other version of the work. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\listitem{foreword}{name}
The author(s) of a foreword to the work. If the author of the foreword is identical to the \bibfield{editor} and\slash or \bibfield{translator}, the standard styles will automatically concatenate these fields in the bibliography. See also \bibfield{introduction} and \bibfield{afterword}.
\listitem{holder}{name}
The holder(s) of a \bibtype{patent}, if different from the \bibfield{author}. Note that corporate holders need to be wrapped in an additional set of braces, see \secref{bib:use:inc} for details. This list may also be useful for the custom types listed in \secref{bib:typ:ctm}.
\fielditem{howpublished}{literal}
A publication notice for unusual publications which do not fit into any of the common categories.
\fielditem{indextitle}{literal}
A title to use for indexing instead of the regular \bibfield{title} field. This field may be useful if you have an entry with a title like «An Introduction to \dots» and want that indexed as «Introduction to \dots, An». Style authors should note that \biblatex automatically copies the value of the \bibfield{title} field to \bibfield{indextitle} if the latter field is undefined.
\listitem{institution}{literal}
The name of a university or some other institution, depending on the entry type. Traditional \bibtex uses the field name \bibfield{school} for theses, which is supported as an alias. See also \secref{bib:fld:als, bib:use:and}.
\listitem{introduction}{name}
The author(s) of an introduction to the work. If the author of the introduction is identical to the \bibfield{editor} and\slash or \bibfield{translator}, the standard styles will automatically concatenate these fields in the bibliography. See also \bibfield{foreword} and \bibfield{afterword}.
\fielditem{isan}{literal}
The International Standard Audiovisual Number of an audiovisual work. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\fielditem{isbn}{literal}
The International Standard Book Number of a book.
\fielditem{ismn}{literal}
The International Standard Music Number for printed music such as musical scores. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\fielditem{isrn}{literal}
The International Standard Technical Report Number of a technical report.
\fielditem{issn}{literal}
The International Standard Serial Number of a periodical.
\fielditem{issue}{literal}
The issue of a journal. This field is intended for journals whose individual issues are identified by a designation such as <Spring> or <Summer> rather than the month or a number. The placement of \bibfield{issue} is similar to \bibfield{month} and \bibfield{number}, integer ranges and short designators are better written to the \bibfield{number} field. See also \bibfield{month}, \bibfield{number}, and \secref{bib:use:iss}.
\fielditem{issuesubtitle}{literal}
The subtitle of a specific issue of a journal or other periodical.
\fielditem{issuetitle}{literal}
The title of a specific issue of a journal or other periodical.
\fielditem{iswc}{literal}
The International Standard Work Code of a musical work. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\fielditem{journalsubtitle}{literal}
The subtitle of a journal, a newspaper, or some other periodical.
\fielditem{journaltitle}{literal}
The name of a journal, a newspaper, or some other periodical.
\fielditem{label}{literal}
A designation to be used by the citation style as a substitute for the regular label if any data required to generate the regular label is missing. For example, when an author"=year citation style is generating a citation for an entry which is missing the author or the year, it may fall back to \bibfield{label}. See \secref{bib:use:key} for details. Note that, in contrast to \bibfield{shorthand}, \bibfield{label} is only used as a fallback. See also \bibfield{shorthand}.
\listitem{language}{key}
The language(s) of the work. Languages may be specified literally or as localisation keys. If localisation keys are used, the prefix \texttt{lang} is omissible. See also \bibfield{origlanguage} and compare \bibfield{langid} in \secref{bib:fld:spc}.
\fielditem{library}{literal}
This field may be useful to record information such as a library name and a call number. This may be printed by a special bibliography style if desired. Not used by the standard bibliography styles.
\listitem{location}{literal}
The place(s) of publication, \ie the location of the \bibfield{publisher} or \bibfield{institution}, depending on the entry type. Traditional \bibtex uses the field name \bibfield{address}, which is supported as an alias. See also \secref{bib:fld:als, bib:use:and}. With \bibtype{patent} entries, this list indicates the scope of a patent. This list may also be useful for the custom types listed in \secref{bib:typ:ctm}.