- Contents of Voice Files
- Voice Files Provided
A Voice file specifies a language (and possibly a language variant or dialect) together with various attributes that affect the characteristics of the voice quality and how the language is spoken.
Voice files are placed in the espeak-data/voices directory,
or within subdirectories in there.
The available voice files can be listed by:
espeak-ng --voices
or
espeak-ng --voices=<language>
also
espeak-ng --voices=<variant>
Lists voice variants which can be applied to eSpeak NG voices.
espeak-ng --voices=<mbrola>
Lists the Mbrola voices.
The language attribute is mandatory. All the other attributes are
optional.
name <name>
A name given to this voice.
language <language code> [<priority>]
This attribute should appear before the other attributes which are listed below.
It selects the default behaviour and characteristics for the language, and sets default values for "phonemes", "dictionary" and other attributes.
The <language code> is a BCP 47 language tag. When this is not enough to identify an accent, the bcp47-data accents file describes the private use tags used by eSpeak NG. For example:
en-- Englishen-GB-scotland-- English with a Scottish accenten-GB-x-rp-- English with a Received Pronunciation accentes-419-- Spanish with a Latin American accentfr-CA-- French with a Canadian accent
The optional <priority> value gives the preference of this voice compared with others for the specified language. A low value indicates a more preferred voice. The default value is 5.
More than one language line may be present. A voice may be selected
for other related languages (variants which have the same initial 2
letter language code as the specified language), but it will be less
preferred for these. Different language variants may be specified by
additional language lines in order to indicate that this is a
preferred voice for them also. E.g.
language en-uk-north
language en
indicates that this is voice is for the "en-uk-north" dialect, but it is
also a main choice when a general "en" language is specified. Without
the second language line, it would be disfavoured for "en" for being
a more specialised voice.
gender <gender> [<age>]
This attribute is only a label for use in voice selection. It doesn't change the sound of the voice.
- <gender> may be male, female, or unknown.
- <age> is optional and gives an age in years.
pitch <base> <range>
Two integer values. The first gives a base pitch to the voice (value in Hz) The second controls the range of pitches used by the voice. Setting it equal to the base pitch will give a monotone. The default values are 82 118.
formant <number> <frequency> <strength> <width> <freq_add>
Systematically adjusts the frequency, strength, and width of the resonance peaks of the voice. Values are percentages of the default values. Changing these affects the tone/quality of the voice.
Adds a constant value (in Hz) to the frequency of the formant peak. The value may be negative.
- Formants 1,2,3 are the standard three formants which define vowels.
- Formant 0 is used to give a low frequency component to the sounds, of frequency lower than F1.
- Formants 4,5 are higher than F3. They affect the quality of the voice.
- Formants 6,7,8 are weak, high frequency, additions to vowels to give a clearer sound.
echo <delay> <amplitude>
Parameter 1 gives the delay in mS (0 to 250mS).
Parameter 2 gives the echo amplitude (0 to 100).
Adding some echo can give a clearer or more interesting sound, especially when listening through a domestic stereo sound system, rather than small computer speakers.
Controls the tone of the sound.
tone is followed by up to 4 pairs of <frequency> <amplitude>
which define a frequency response graph. Frequency is in Hz and
amplitude is in the range 0 to 25 The default is:
tone 600 170 1200 135 2000 110
This means that from frequency 0Hz to 600Hz the amplitude is 17 From
600Hz to 1200Hz the amplitude decreases from 170 to 135, then decreases
to 110 at 2000Hz and remains at 110 at higher frequencies. This
adjustment applies only to voiced sounds such as vowels and sonorant
consonants (such as [n] and [l]). Unvoiced sounds such as [s] are
unaffected.
This tone statement can also appear in espeak-data/config, in which case
it applies to all voices which don't have their own tone statement.
flutter <value>
Default value: 100.
Adds pitch fluctuations to give a wavering or older-sounding voice. A large value (eg. 20) makes the voice sound "croaky".
roughness <value>
Default value: Range 0 - 7
Reduces the amplitude of alternate waveform cycles in order to make the voice sound creaky.
voicing <value>
Default value: 100
Adjusts the strength of formant-synthesized sounds (vowels and sonorant consonants).
consonants <value> <value>
Default values: 100, 100
Adjusts the strength of noise sounds which are used in consonants. The first value is the strength of unvoiced consonants such as "s" and "t".
The second value is the strength of the noise component of voiced consonants such as "z" and "d".
breath <up to 8 integer values>
Default values: 0.
Adds noise which corresponds to the formant frequency peaks. The values give the strength of noise for each formant peak (formants 1 to 8).
Use together with a low or zero value of the voicing attribute to
make a "wisper". For example:
breath 75 75 60 40 15 10
breathw 150 150 200 200 400 400
voicing 18
flutter 20
formant 0 100 0 100 // remove formant 0
breathw <up to 8 integer values>
These values give bandwidths of the noise peaks of the breath
attribute. If breathw values are not given, then suitable default
values will be used.
speed <value>
Default value 10
Adjusts the speaking speed by a percentage of the default rate. This can be used if a language voice seems faster or slower compared to other voices.
words <integer value> <integer value>
The first parameter puts a pause between all words, the value can be between
0 and 4.
The second parameter adds a short pause if a word ends with a vowel and the next words starts with a vowel. Values may be:
0: no pause1: no pause, but the two vowels are kept separate2: short pause
For example:
words 0 1
will put a short pause between two words where the first word end with a vowel and the next start with a vowel.
phonemes <name>
Specifies which set of phonemes to use from those contained in the
phontab, phonindex, and phondata data files. This is a phonemetable
name as given in the "phoneme" source file.
This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default to the first two letters of the "language" parameter. However, different voices of the same language can use different phoneme sets, to give different accents.
dictionary <name>
Specifies which pair of dictionary files to use. eg. "english" indicates
that speak-data/en_dict should be used to translate from words to
phonemes. This parameter is usually not needed as it is set by default
to the first two letters of "language" parameter.
dictrules <list of rule numbers>
Gives a list of conditional dictionary rules which are applied for this
voice. Rule numbers are in the range 0 to 31 and are specific to a
language dictionary. They apply to rules in the language's *_rules
dictionary file and also its *_list exceptions list. See
Text to Phoneme Translation.
replace <flags> <phoneme> <replacement phoneme>
Replace a phoneme by another whenever it occurs.
<replacement phoneme> may be NULL.
Flags: bit 0: replacement only occurs on the final phoneme of a word.
Flags: bit 1: replacement doesn't occur in stressed syllables.
e.g.
replace 0 h NULL // drops h's
replace 0 V U // replaces vowel in 'strut' by that in 'foot'
// as occurs in northern British English
replace 3 N n // change 'fishing' to 'fishin' etc.
// (only the last phoneme of a word, only in unstressed syllables)
The phoneme mnemonics can be defined for each language, but some are listed in Phonemes.
stressLength <8 integer values>
Eight integer parameters. These control the relative lengths of the vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables.
- 0 unstressed
- 1 diminished. Its use depends on the language. In English it's used for unstressed syllables within multisyllabic words. In Spanish it's used for unstressed final syllables.
- 2 secondary stress
- 3 words marked as "unstressed" in the dictionary
- 4 not currently used
- 5 not currently used
- 6 stressed syllable (the main syllable in stressed words)
- 7 tonic syllable (by default, the last stressed syllable in the clause)
stressAdd <8 integer values>
Eight integer parameters. These are added to the voice's corresponding
stressLength values. They are used in the voice variant files in
espeak-data/voices/!v to give some variety. Negative values may be used.
stressAmp <8 integer values>
Eight integer parameters. These control the relative amplitudes of the vowels in stressed and unstressed syllables (see stressLength above). The general default values are: 16, 16, 20, 20, 20, 24, 24, 22, although these defaults may be different for particular languages.
intonation <param1>
- 1 -- Default.
- 2 -- Less intonation.
- 3 -- Less intonation, and comma does not raise the pitch.
- 4 -- Pitch rises (rather than falls) at the end of sentence.
charset <param1>
The ISO 8859 character set number. (not all are implemented).
dictmin <value>
Used for some languages to detect if additional language data is
installed. If the size of the compiled dictionary data for the language
(the file espeak-data/*_dict) is less than this size then a
warning is given.
alphabet2 <alphabet> <language>
Used to specify a language to be used to speak words which are written in a non-native alphabet. e.g.:
alphabet2 cyr ru
Alphabets names include: latin, cyr (cyrillic), ar (arabic). The default language for latin alphabet is English.
dictdialect <dialect>
Words can be marked in the *_list or *_rules file to be spoken using
a foreign voice. This dictdialect attribute can be used to specify
which dialect of the foreign language should be used, instead of the
default dialect. The currently available dialects are:
en-us(US English)es-la(Latin American Spanish)
e.g.
dictdialect en-us
This means that any words or rules which are maked with _^_EN will be
spoken with the US English voice instead of the default UK English
voice.
Additional attributes are available to set various internal options which control how language is processed. These would normally be set in the program code rather than in a voice file.
A number of Voice files are provided in the espeak-data/voices directory.
You can select one of these with the -v <voice filename> parameter to
the espeak-ng command.
This voice is used if none is specified in the speak command. You can copy your preferred voice to "default" so you can use the speak command without the need to specify a voice.