README.md

Maps

The maps below have been created using the cldfviz.map command from the cldfviz package.

Is there colexification?

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{black}⏺}$$	lexically distinct	465	The concepts ‘hand’ and ‘five’ are lexically distinct in the language.
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	full colexification	194	The concepts ‘hand’ and ‘five’ are fully colexified in the language.
$${\color{orange}⏺}$$	partial colexification	153	The concepts ‘hand’ and ‘five’ are partially colexified in the language.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unknown	462	The relationship between ‘hand’ and ‘five’ is unknown in the language due to insufficient data.
		1274

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Is distinctness due to lexical replacement or phonological change?

For those languages that lack colexification (i.e., languages with the value “lexically distinct” for the parameter “Is there colexification?”), the values for this parameter are “lexical replacement” or “phonological change”. However, some languages exhibit both lexical replacement and (partial) colexification; this is possible when there has been replacement of both ‘hand’ and ‘five’ such that the new forms are (partially) colexified: these cases are indicated by rows in the ValueTable with an empty value and a comment “(recolexification)”.

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{black}⏺}$$	lexical replacement	380	The concepts ‘hand’ and ‘five’ are distinct in the language due to lexical replacement.
$${\color{yellow}⏺}$$	phonological change	85	The concepts ‘hand’ and ‘five’ are distinct in the language due to phonological change.
		465

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Was there lexical replacement of ‘hand’?

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{white}⏺}$$	no	428	The word for the concept ‘hand’ has not been replaced.
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	yes	390	The word for the concept ‘hand’ has been replaced.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unknown	456	It is unknown whether or not the word for the concept ‘hand’ has been replaced.
		1274

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Was there lexical replacement of ‘five’?

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{white}⏺}$$	no	1121	The word for the concept ‘five’ has not been replaced.
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	yes	84	The word for the concept ‘five’ has been replaced.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unknown	69	It is unknown whether or not the word for the concept ‘five’ has been replaced.
		1274

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What replaced ‘hand’?

Values for this parameter are descriptions of the most likely etymology (traced as far back as possible in the Austronesian family) given for the word in the language that came to mean ‘hand’; values followed by “?” are somewhat uncertain; and those followed by “??” are even more uncertain; when no likely etymology has been posited, then the value is given simply as “unclear” (with no preceding etymology). Values are batched into five different categories, referenced by the Code_ID column.

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{black}⏺}$$	“hand” word other than *qalima	139	The word for ‘hand’ derives from a word meaning ‘hand’ or ‘arm’ other than *qalima, whether PAn *kamay ‘hand’, PMP *baRa ‘hand, arm’, or POc *minV- ‘hand’.
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	part of the arm	109	The word for ‘hand’ derives from a word referring to part of the arm, whether PAn *qabaRa ‘shoulder’, PAn *kuSkuS ‘claw, talon, fingernail’, Proto-Tsouic *ramuCu ‘finger’ (?), PMP *taŋan ‘finger, toe’, PMP *leŋen ‘forearm, lower arm’, PPh *dalukap ‘palm of the hand, sole of the foot’, or PNCV *bisu ‘finger, toe, nail’.
$${\color{yellow}⏺}$$	wing	69	The word for ‘hand’ derives from a word referring to the wing (of an animal), whether PAn *paNij ‘wing’, PMP *kapak ‘wings; flutter’, or PWOc *baqe ‘wing, (?) hand’.
$${\color{blue}⏺}$$	‘hold onto’	1	The word for ‘hand’ derives from ‘hold onto, cling to’.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unclear	72	The word for ‘hand’ derives from a form other than *qalima, but its etymology is unclear.
		390

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What replaced ‘five’?

The same conventions apply here as for the parameter “What replaced hand?” except that here most entries are given a language-internal etymology. Values are batched into seven different categories, referenced by the Code_ID column.

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{black}⏺}$$	“hand” word other than *qalima	45	The word for ‘five’ derives from a hand-related word unrelated to *qalima (in some cases ultimately derived from ‘finger’ or ‘wing’).
$${\color{yellow}⏺}$$	addition with 2	8	The word for ‘five’ derives from a formulation like ‘2+2+1’.
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	tally word	6	The word for ‘five’ derives from an expression apparently referring to a physical tallying practice, including words like ‘finished’, ‘on top’, or ‘make/take’.
$${\color{purple}⏺}$$	‘count’	2	The word for ‘five’ derives from ‘count’.
$${\color{orange}⏺}$$	addition with 4	2	The word for ‘five’ derives from a formulation like ‘4+1’.
$${\color{blue}⏺}$$	‘part’	1	The word for ‘five’ derives from ‘part’.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unclear	20	The word for ‘five’ derives from a form other than *lima, but its etymology is unclear.
		84

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What is the numeral system?

The values for this parameter are taken from Barlow (2023), updated here to reflect changes between Glottolog 4.6 and Glottolog 5.0: (1) badu1237 is removed (subsumed within sund1252); (2) bali1287 is added (with numeral system “unknown”); (3) dalk1234 is added (with numeral system “unknown”); (4) mori1267 is added (split from maor1246: both with numeral system “decimal proper”); and (5) ngga1239 is added (with numeral system “unknown”).

	Value	Count	Description
$${\color{red}⏺}$$	decimal proper	632	A decimal system with atomic numerals ‘one’ through ‘nine’.
$${\color{orange}⏺}$$	decimal modified	228	A decimal system with one or more derived numerals lower than ‘ten’.
$${\color{yellow}⏺}$$	quinary	290	A system that constructs numerals based on the number 5.
$${\color{blue}⏺}$$	binary proper	22	A system that constructs the numerals ‘three’ and ‘four’ based on the number 2.
$${\color{purple}⏺}$$	binary+3	14	A system that constructs the numeral ‘four’ based on the number 2 but has an atomic ‘three’.
$${\color{black}⏺}$$	quaternary	5	A system that constructs numerals based on the number 4.
$${\color{gray}⏺}$$	unknown	83	An unknown numeral system.
		1274

	Value	Count	Description
⏺	in Melanesia	514
▼	not in Melanesia	760

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