-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 69
/
Copy pathCoffeeScript Quick Ref.lyx
2260 lines (1540 loc) · 29.9 KB
/
CoffeeScript Quick Ref.lyx
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
#LyX 2.0 created this file. For more info see http://www.lyx.org/
\lyxformat 413
\begin_document
\begin_header
\textclass scrartcl
\begin_preamble
\definecolor{darkgreen}{cmyk}{0.5, 0, 1, 0.5}
\definecolor{darkred}{rgb}{0.6, 0.25, 0.15}
\definecolor{darkblue}{rgb}{0.24, 0.165, 0.6}
\definecolor{codebackground}{RGB}{236,253,255}
\definecolor{codestring}{RGB}{121, 103, 99}
\usepackage{multicol}
\end_preamble
\use_default_options true
\maintain_unincluded_children false
\language british
\language_package default
\inputencoding auto
\fontencoding global
\font_roman Times
\font_sans Arcitectura
\font_typewriter Consolas
\font_default_family default
\use_non_tex_fonts true
\font_sc false
\font_osf false
\font_sf_scale 94
\font_tt_scale 96
\graphics default
\default_output_format default
\output_sync 0
\bibtex_command default
\index_command default
\paperfontsize 10
\spacing single
\use_hyperref true
\pdf_title "CoffeeScript Quick Reference"
\pdf_author "E. Hoigaard"
\pdf_subject "Reference Card for CoffeeScript"
\pdf_keywords "CoffeeScript"
\pdf_bookmarks true
\pdf_bookmarksnumbered false
\pdf_bookmarksopen false
\pdf_bookmarksopenlevel 0
\pdf_breaklinks false
\pdf_pdfborder true
\pdf_colorlinks true
\pdf_backref false
\pdf_pdfusetitle false
\pdf_quoted_options "citecolor=darkblue,linkcolor=darkblue,urlcolor=magenta"
\papersize a4paper
\use_geometry true
\use_amsmath 1
\use_esint 1
\use_mhchem 1
\use_mathdots 1
\cite_engine basic
\use_bibtopic false
\use_indices false
\paperorientation landscape
\suppress_date true
\use_refstyle 1
\index Index
\shortcut idx
\color #008000
\end_index
\leftmargin 1.5cm
\topmargin 1cm
\rightmargin 1.5cm
\bottommargin 1cm
\secnumdepth -1
\tocdepth 3
\paragraph_separation skip
\defskip smallskip
\quotes_language english
\papercolumns 1
\papersides 1
\paperpagestyle fancy
\listings_params "backgroundcolor={\color{codebackground}},basicstyle={\small\ttfamily\color{black}},comment={[l]{\#}},frame=none,identifierstyle={\color{darkblue}},keywords={true,false,null,this,new,delete,typeof,in,instanceof,return,throw,break,continue,debugger,if,else,switch,for,while,do,try,catch,finally,class,extends,super,undefined,then,unless,until,loop,of,by,when,and,or,is,isnt,not,yes,no,on,off},keywordstyle={\itshape\color{darkgreen}},morecomment={[s]{\#\#\#}{\#\#\#}},morekeywords={each,map,reduceRight,reduce,detect,filter,reject,every,some,include,invoke,pluck,max,min,sortBy,sortedIndex,toArray,size,first,rest,last,compact,flatten,without,uniq,intersect,zip,indexOf,lastIndexOf,range,bind,bindAll,delay,memoize,defer,wrap,compose,keys,values,functions,extend,clone,tap,isEqual,isEmpty,isElement,isArray,isArguments,isFunction,isString,isNumber,isBoolean,isDate,isRegExp,isNaN,isNull,isUndefined,noConflict,identity,times,breakLoop,mixin,uniqueId,templateSettings,template,forEach,foldl,inject,foldr,select,all,any,contains,head,tail,methods,show},morestring={[b]\"},sensitive=true,showstringspaces=false,string={[b]\'},stringstyle={\color{codestring}},tab=true,tabsize=2"
\bullet 0 0 10 -1
\tracking_changes false
\output_changes false
\html_math_output 0
\html_css_as_file 0
\html_be_strict false
\end_header
\begin_body
\begin_layout Standard
\lang english
\begin_inset ERT
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\backslash
begin{multicols}{4}
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Title
\size huge
\color magenta
CoffeeScript
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
Quick Reference
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subtitle
•
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset CommandInset href
LatexCommand href
name "coffeescript.org"
target "http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script"
\end_inset
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
•
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
•
\end_layout
\begin_layout Standard
\begin_inset VSpace -2cm
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
General
\color inherit
\begin_inset Foot
status collapsed
\begin_layout Plain Layout
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
\begin_inset space \space{}
\end_inset
E.
Hoigaard
\size normal
© 2554/2011
\size default
\size normal
Rev.
α
\begin_inset space \hfill{}
\end_inset
\size default
\begin_inset Graphics
filename img/ccbysa.png
scale 66
BoundingBox 0bp 0bp 80bp 15bp
\end_inset
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Whitespace is significant
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Ending a line will terminate expressions - no need to use semicolons
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Semicolons can be used to fit multiple expressions onto a single line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use indentation instead of curly braces
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
{ }
\end_layout
\end_inset
to surround blocks of code in functions,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
if
\end_layout
\end_inset
statements,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
switch
\end_layout
\end_inset
, and
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
try/catch
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comments starts with
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
#
\end_layout
\end_inset
and run to the end of the line
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Functions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions are defined by an optional list of parameters in parentheses,
an arrow, and an optional function body.
The empty function looks like:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
->
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Mostly no need to use parentheses to invoke a function if it is passed arguments.
The implicit call wraps forward to the end of the line or block expression.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions may have default values for arguments.
Override the default value by passing a non-null argument.
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Objects and arrays
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Objects and arrays are similar to JavaScript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
When each property is listed on its own line, the commas are optional
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Objects may be created using indentation instead of explicit braces, similar
to YAML
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Reserved words, like
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
class
\end_layout
\end_inset
, can be used as properties of an object without quoting them as strings
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Lexical Scoping and Variable Safety
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Variables are declared implicitly when used (no
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
var
\end_layout
\end_inset
keyword).
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The compiler ensures that variables are declared within lexical scope.
An outer variable is not redeclared within an inner function when it is
in scope
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Using an inner variable can not shadow an outer variable, only refer to
it.
So avoid reusing the name of an external variable in a deeply nested function
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
CoffeeScript output is wrapped in an anonymous function, making it difficult
to accidentally pollute the global namespace
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
To create top-level variables for other scripts, attach them as properties
on
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
window
\end_layout
\end_inset
, or to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
exports
\end_layout
\end_inset
in CommonJS.
Use:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
exports ? this
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Splats
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Splats
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
...
\end_layout
\end_inset
can be used instead of the variable number of
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
arguments
\end_layout
\end_inset
object and are available for both function definition and invocation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Loops and Comprehensions
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for ...
in
\end_layout
\end_inset
work over arrays, objects, and ranges
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions replace for loops, with optional
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
when
\end_layout
\end_inset
guard clauses and the value of the current array index:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for value, index in array
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Array comprehensions are expressions, and can be returned and assigned
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Comprehensions may replace
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
each/forEach
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
map
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
select/filter
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a range when the start and end of a loop is known (integer steps)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
by
\end_layout
\end_inset
to step in fixed-size increments
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
When assigning the value of a comprehension to a variable, CoffeeScript
collects the result of each iteration into an array
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Return
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
null
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
undefined
\end_layout
\end_inset
or
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
true
\end_layout
\end_inset
if a loop is only for side-effects
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
To iterate over the key and value properties in an object, use
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
of
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
for own key, value of object
\end_layout
\end_inset
to iterate over the keys that are directly defined on an object
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The only low-level loop is the
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
while
\end_layout
\end_inset
loop.
It can be used as an expression, returning an array containing the result
of each iteration through the loop
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
until
\end_layout
\end_inset
is equivalent to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
while not
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
loop
\end_layout
\end_inset
is equivalent to
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
while true
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
do
\end_layout
\end_inset
keyword inserts a closure wrapper, forwards any arguments and invokes a
passed function
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Try/Catch/Finally
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
try/catch
\end_layout
\end_inset
statements are as in JavaScript (although expressions)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
If, Else, Unless, and Conditional Assignment
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
if/else
\end_layout
\end_inset
can be written without parentheses and curly braces
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Multi-line conditionals are delimited by indentation
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
if
\end_layout
\end_inset
and
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
unless
\end_layout
\end_inset
can be used in postfix form i.e.
at the end of the statement
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
if
\end_layout
\end_inset
statements can be used as expressions.
No need for
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
?:
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Chained Comparisons
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use a chained comparison to test if a value is within a range:
\begin_inset Newline newline
\end_inset
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
minimum < value < maximum
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Array Slicing and Splicing with Ranges
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Ranges can be used to extract slices of arrays
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
With two dots
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[3..6]
\end_layout
\end_inset
, the range is inclusive (3, 4, 5, 6)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
With three dots
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
[3...6]
\end_layout
\end_inset
, the range excludes the end (3, 4, 5)
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The same syntax can be used with assignment to replace a segment of an array
with new values, splicing it
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Strings are immutable and can not be spliced
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Embedded JavaScript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Use backquotes
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
``
\end_layout
\end_inset
to embed JavaScript code within CoffeeScript
\end_layout
\begin_layout Subsection*
\color magenta
Everything is an Expression
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Functions return their final value
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The return value is fetched from each branch of execution
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Return early from a function body by using an explicit
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
return
\end_layout
\end_inset
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Variable declarations are at the top of the scope, so assignment can be
used within expressions, even for variables that have not been seen before
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
Statements, when used as part of an expression, are converted into expressions
with a closure wrapper.
This allows assignment of the result of a comprehension to a variable
\end_layout
\begin_layout Itemize
The following are not expressions:
\begin_inset listings
inline true
status open
\begin_layout Plain Layout
break
\end_layout
\end_inset
,
\begin_inset listings