diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/01-06-Image-combination.html b/v/dev/notebooks/01-06-Image-combination.html
index 1a0df79..8655f09 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/01-06-Image-combination.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/01-06-Image-combination.html
@@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">1.5.2. </span>Combination method: average or me
 </div>
 </div>
 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
-<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>&lt;matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7efd145534d0&gt;
+<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>&lt;matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7fb6a82fda50&gt;
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diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/01-11-reading-images.html b/v/dev/notebooks/01-11-reading-images.html
index d402a07..893b2ff 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/01-11-reading-images.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/01-11-reading-images.html
@@ -847,19 +847,19 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">1.8.3. </span>Option 1: Reading a single image
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-<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>array([[ 1.93231885, -0.20554953,  1.11382749, ..., -0.48266713,
-         0.62491939,  0.32332385],
-       [-0.62965729,  0.25235816,  0.42799246, ...,  0.21027981,
-        -0.02531951, -0.03524356],
-       [-0.07380972, -1.30615523,  0.08721875, ..., -1.87320596,
-        -1.29376234, -0.24861751],
+<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>array([[ 0.2341024 ,  0.0886883 , -0.43032078, ..., -0.75214062,
+         0.23543571, -0.81959724],
+       [-0.53123304,  0.00828962, -0.13003293, ..., -0.19371957,
+        -0.12825977, -1.68561266],
+       [-0.75482136, -0.83648415, -0.19053338, ...,  0.01856515,
+        -0.67724466, -0.61606307],
        ...,
-       [ 1.50038478, -2.74012182,  1.15403477, ...,  0.78683255,
-        -1.00991427,  0.26186583],
-       [ 0.43151481,  0.1382379 ,  0.38706353, ...,  1.15553082,
-        -1.96669301,  0.11551855],
-       [ 1.23072078, -1.51645142, -0.26927057, ...,  1.10289169,
-        -0.85284388,  1.12601521]], dtype=&#39;&gt;f8&#39;)
+       [-1.08225728,  0.25407755, -0.72736765, ..., -0.28221905,
+         0.97773887,  0.02857349],
+       [-1.51138547, -0.05298575,  0.57568942, ...,  0.62147688,
+         0.44542266, -0.46656935],
+       [ 0.07631423,  2.41562925,  0.79605736, ...,  0.96875243,
+         0.56625798,  1.64477419]], dtype=&#39;&gt;f8&#39;)
 </pre></div>
 </div>
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-         0.62491939,  0.32332385],
-       [-0.62965729,  0.25235816,  0.42799246, ...,  0.21027981,
-        -0.02531951, -0.03524356],
-       [-0.07380972, -1.30615523,  0.08721875, ..., -1.87320596,
-        -1.29376234, -0.24861751],
+<div class="output text_plain highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>array([[ 0.2341024 ,  0.0886883 , -0.43032078, ..., -0.75214062,
+         0.23543571, -0.81959724],
+       [-0.53123304,  0.00828962, -0.13003293, ..., -0.19371957,
+        -0.12825977, -1.68561266],
+       [-0.75482136, -0.83648415, -0.19053338, ...,  0.01856515,
+        -0.67724466, -0.61606307],
        ...,
-       [ 1.50038478, -2.74012182,  1.15403477, ...,  0.78683255,
-        -1.00991427,  0.26186583],
-       [ 0.43151481,  0.1382379 ,  0.38706353, ...,  1.15553082,
-        -1.96669301,  0.11551855],
-       [ 1.23072078, -1.51645142, -0.26927057, ...,  1.10289169,
-        -0.85284388,  1.12601521]], dtype=&#39;&gt;f8&#39;)
+       [-1.08225728,  0.25407755, -0.72736765, ..., -0.28221905,
+         0.97773887,  0.02857349],
+       [-1.51138547, -0.05298575,  0.57568942, ...,  0.62147688,
+         0.44542266, -0.46656935],
+       [ 0.07631423,  2.41562925,  0.79605736, ...,  0.96875243,
+         0.56625798,  1.64477419]], dtype=&#39;&gt;f8&#39;)
 </pre></div>
 </div>
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@@ -958,7 +958,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">1.8.5.1. </span>Summary of directory contents<a
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 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table masked=True length=28</i>
-<table id="table140292043304784" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139882244787536" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>simple</th><th>bitpix</th><th>naxis</th><th>naxis1</th><th>naxis2</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exposure</th><th>bunit</th><th>filter</th><th>object</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str13</th><th>bool</th><th>int64</th><th>int64</th><th>int64</th><th>int64</th><th>str5</th><th>float64</th><th>str3</th><th>object</th><th>object</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>img-0000.fits</td><td>True</td><td>-64</td><td>2</td><td>200</td><td>300</td><td>BIAS</td><td>0.0</td><td>adu</td><td>--</td><td>--</td></tr>
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-<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>In file img-0018.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0006305082274918
-In file img-0020.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  0.9951272812922944
-</pre></div>
-</div>
-<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>In file img-0022.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0013181677514156
-In file img-0024.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  0.9987948739214904
-In file img-0026.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0047132884527286
+<div class="output stream highlight-myst-ansi notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>In file img-0018.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  0.9994732838388732
+In file img-0020.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0017460963203864
+In file img-0022.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  0.9945371306777717
+In file img-0024.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0063754538403062
+In file img-0026.fits the exposure is: 30.0 with standard deviation  1.0032622075753466
 </pre></div>
 </div>
 </div>
diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/02-02-Calibrating-bias-images.html b/v/dev/notebooks/02-02-Calibrating-bias-images.html
index 759534d..720e43f 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/02-02-Calibrating-bias-images.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/02-02-Calibrating-bias-images.html
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 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exptime</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str14</th><th>str4</th><th>float64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>ccd.002.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>0.0</td></tr>
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 <tr><td>ccd.001.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>[2049:2080,1:4127]</td><td>[1:2048,1:4128]</td><td>[1:2048,1:4128]</td></tr>
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 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=6</i>
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 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>naxis1</th><th>naxis2</th></tr></thead>
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 <tr><td>ccd.001.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>2048</td><td>4128</td></tr>
@@ -1053,7 +1053,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">2.2.3.1. </span>Decide where to put your calibr
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 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>filter</th><th>exptime</th><th>naxis1</th><th>naxis2</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str31</th><th>str5</th><th>object</th><th>float64</th><th>int64</th><th>int64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>AutoFlat-PANoRot-r-Bin1-001.fit</td><td>FLAT</td><td>r</td><td>1.0</td><td>4109</td><td>4096</td></tr>
@@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ <h3><span class="section-number">2.2.3.2. </span>Determine overscan region for t
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 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><i>Row index=0</i>
-<table id="table140061962787792">
+<table id="table139726077250256">
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 <thead><tr><th>str31</th><th>str5</th><th>str11</th><th>str11</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>AutoFlat-PANoRot-r-Bin1-001.fit</td><td>FLAT</td><td>[4096:4109]</td><td>[1:4096, :]</td></tr>
diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/03-05-Calibrate-dark-images.html b/v/dev/notebooks/03-05-Calibrate-dark-images.html
index 21504b2..a7b5459 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/03-05-Calibrate-dark-images.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/03-05-Calibrate-dark-images.html
@@ -720,7 +720,7 @@ <h4><span class="section-number">3.4.1.1.1. </span>Raw images, everything except
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 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exptime</th><th>filter</th></tr></thead>
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 <tr><td>ccd.001.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>0.0</td><td>i&apos;</td></tr>
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@ <h4><span class="section-number">3.4.1.1.2. </span>Raw dark frames<a class="head
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 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=10</i>
-<table id="table140183208962128" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139993329158864" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exptime</th><th>filter</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str14</th><th>str4</th><th>float64</th><th>str2</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>ccd.002.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>0.0</td><td>r&apos;</td></tr>
@@ -832,7 +832,7 @@ <h4><span class="section-number">3.4.1.3.1. </span>Reduced images (so far)<a cla
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 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=16</i>
-<table id="table140184456271056" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139993344894608" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exptime</th><th>filter</th><th>combined</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str17</th><th>str4</th><th>float64</th><th>str2</th><th>object</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>ccd.001.0.fits</td><td>BIAS</td><td>0.0</td><td>i&apos;</td><td>--</td></tr>
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">3.4.2. </span>Example 2: Overscan not subtracte
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 </div>
 <div class="output text_html"><i>Table length=32</i>
-<table id="table140183202519888-170325" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139993319013008-576263" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>idx</th><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>exposure</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>0</td><td>AutoFlat-PANoRot-r-Bin1-001.fit</td><td>FLAT</td><td>1.0</td></tr>
 <tr><td>1</td><td>AutoFlat-PANoRot-r-Bin1-002.fit</td><td>FLAT</td><td>1.0</td></tr>
@@ -948,14 +948,14 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">3.4.2. </span>Example 2: Overscan not subtracte
     datatables: 'https://cdn.datatables.net/1.10.12/js/jquery.dataTables.min'
 }});
 require(["datatables"], function(){
-    console.log("$('#table140183202519888-170325').dataTable()");
+    console.log("$('#table139993319013008-576263').dataTable()");
 
 jQuery.extend( jQuery.fn.dataTableExt.oSort, {
     "optionalnum-asc": astropy_sort_num,
     "optionalnum-desc": function (a,b) { return -astropy_sort_num(a, b); }
 });
 
-    $('#table140183202519888-170325').dataTable({
+    $('#table139993319013008-576263').dataTable({
         order: [],
         pageLength: 50,
         lengthMenu: [[10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, -1], [10, 25, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 'All']],
diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/06-03-science-images-calibration-examples.html b/v/dev/notebooks/06-03-science-images-calibration-examples.html
index 7da32e4..4da619d 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/06-03-science-images-calibration-examples.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/06-03-science-images-calibration-examples.html
@@ -707,7 +707,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">5.1.2. </span>Example 1<a class="headerlink" hr
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 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=2</i>
-<table id="table140159399437840" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
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 <thead><tr><th>date-obs</th><th>file</th><th>object</th><th>filter</th><th>exptime</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str10</th><th>str14</th><th>str7</th><th>str2</th><th>float64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>2016-01-16</td><td>ccd.037.0.fits</td><td>vv124_1</td><td>g&apos;</td><td>300.062</td></tr>
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">5.1.2. </span>Example 1<a class="headerlink" hr
 </div>
 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=6</i>
-<table id="table140159399262544" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139996348103888" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>date-obs</th><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>object</th><th>filter</th><th>exptime</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str10</th><th>str27</th><th>str9</th><th>str6</th><th>str2</th><th>float64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>2016-01-15</td><td>combined_bias.fit</td><td>BIAS</td><td>bias</td><td>i&apos;</td><td>0.0</td></tr>
@@ -875,7 +875,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">5.1.3. </span>Example 2<a class="headerlink" hr
 </div>
 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=2</i>
-<table id="table140158292619280" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139995241205840" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>date-obs</th><th>file</th><th>object</th><th>filter</th><th>exposure</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str19</th><th>str31</th><th>object</th><th>object</th><th>float64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>2018-08-23T09:00:21</td><td>kelt-16-b-S001-R001-C084-r.fit</td><td>kelt-16b</td><td>r</td><td>90.0</td></tr>
@@ -894,7 +894,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">5.1.3. </span>Example 2<a class="headerlink" hr
 </div>
 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=3</i>
-<table id="table140159399191248" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table139996348434128" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>date-obs</th><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th><th>filter</th><th>exposure</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str19</th><th>str31</th><th>str4</th><th>object</th><th>float64</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>2018-08-23T11:20:07</td><td>combined_bias.fit</td><td>BIAS</td><td>--</td><td>0.0</td></tr>
diff --git a/v/dev/notebooks/08-05-incorporating-masks-into-calibrated-science-images.html b/v/dev/notebooks/08-05-incorporating-masks-into-calibrated-science-images.html
index 346e773..ece95e1 100644
--- a/v/dev/notebooks/08-05-incorporating-masks-into-calibrated-science-images.html
+++ b/v/dev/notebooks/08-05-incorporating-masks-into-calibrated-science-images.html
@@ -631,7 +631,7 @@ <h2><span class="section-number">6.4.1. </span>Read masks that are the same for
 </div>
 <div class="cell_output docutils container">
 <div class="output text_html"><div><i>Table length=36</i>
-<table id="table140702298009488" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
+<table id="table140316870723728" class="table-striped table-bordered table-condensed">
 <thead><tr><th>file</th><th>imagetyp</th></tr></thead>
 <thead><tr><th>str31</th><th>str9</th></tr></thead>
 <tr><td>AutoFlat-PANoRot-r-Bin1-001.fit</td><td>FLAT</td></tr>
diff --git a/v/dev/searchindex.js b/v/dev/searchindex.js
index f1034b0..6717798 100644
--- a/v/dev/searchindex.js
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4,5,6,9,10,12,13,15,16,19,21,22,23,31,34,36,37],your:[3,5,6,8,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,27,31,33,36],your_token_her:36,ystddev_rang:3,ytick:6,yy:17,zenith:21,zenodo:[0,22],zero:[3,4,5,6,7,10,12,14,15,16,17,21,25,32,35],zeros_lik:3,zip:[0,6,23]},titles:["Preface","<span class=\"section-number\">1. </span>Astronomical Images","<span class=\"section-number\">1.1. </span>Understanding an astronomical CCD image","<span class=\"section-number\">1.2. </span>Construction of an artificial (but realistic) image","<span class=\"section-number\">1.3. </span>Nonuniform sensitivity","<span class=\"section-number\">1.4. </span>Calibration overview","<span class=\"section-number\">1.5. </span>Image combination","<span class=\"section-number\">1.6. </span>Overscan","<span class=\"section-number\">1.7. </span>Calibration choices you need to make","<span class=\"section-number\">1.8. </span>Reading images","<span class=\"section-number\">2. </span>Handling overscan, trimming, and bias subtraction","<span class=\"section-number\">2.1. </span>About bias and overscan","<span class=\"section-number\">2.2. </span>Calibrating bias images","<span class=\"section-number\">2.3. </span>Combine bias images to make master","<span class=\"section-number\">3. </span>Dark current and hot pixels","<span class=\"section-number\">3.1. </span>Dark current: the ideal case","<span class=\"section-number\">3.2. </span>Real dark current: noise and other artifacts","<span class=\"section-number\">3.3. </span>Handling overscan and bias for dark frames","<span class=\"section-number\">3.4. </span>Calibrate dark images","<span class=\"section-number\">3.5. </span>Combine calibrated dark images for use in later reduction steps","<span class=\"section-number\">4. </span>Flat corrections","<span class=\"section-number\">4.1. </span>More about flat corrections","<span class=\"section-number\">4.2. </span>Calibrating the flats","<span class=\"section-number\">4.3. </span>Combining flats","<span class=\"section-number\">5. </span>Reducing science images","<span class=\"section-number\">5.1. </span>Two science image calibration examples","Combining images","Creating a sky flat","Combination with alignment via WCS","Combination with alignment based on star positions in the image","<span class=\"section-number\">6. </span>Image masking","<span class=\"section-number\">6.1. </span>Identifying hot pixels","<span class=\"section-number\">6.2. </span>Creating an image mask","<span class=\"section-number\">6.3. </span>Cosmic ray removal","<span class=\"section-number\">6.4. </span>Incorporating masks into calibrated science images","&lt;no title&gt;","CCD guide: preparation for publishing","&lt;no 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t:[3,4,5,15,35],datat:18,date:[7,11,12,13,15,16,18,19,22,23,25,31],datfix:[7,11,12,13,16,18,19,22,23,25,31],davi:0,dawn:25,dc:10,dead:2,deal:16,dear:36,decid:[7,14,17,25,31,33],decis:[8,12],decor:[16,22,23,25],decreas:5,dedic:18,deepskyblu:11,def:[3,15,22,23,25,27,34,35],default_rng:[3,6],defect:[0,32,33],defin:[6,15,22,23,25],del:34,delete_branches_pr:36,delete_fd:34,demonstr:[5,6,12,15,16,32],densiti:[15,16,31],depend:[2,3,6,7,13,15,16,17,18,19,22,32,36],deposit:33,deprec:[7,18,22,23,25],depth:36,deriv:[31,32],describ:[7,9,13,19,22,25,33],descript:[7,33],desir:[3,9,11,15,25,34],despit:[16,19],detail:[0,1,2,6,9,12,22,27,33,34],detect:[23,33],detect_sourc:[27,32,33],detect_threshold:27,detector:[2,6,20,21,22,33],determin:[3,15,25,33,34],dev:[6,15],develop:[0,33,36],deviat:[3,6,9,15],diagram:6,dict:[3,25],dictionari:[22,25],did:[6,9,12,16,22],didn:[9,34],differ:[3,4,6,7,9,10,11,12,13,15,16,17,18,19,21,22,23,25,27,31,32,33,34],difficult:[0,20,27,33],digit:2,dim:[4,20],dimens:[3,9],dimension:[1,2,13],dimensionless_unsc:[31,32,33,34],direct:[3,6,7,16],directli:[1,2,3,6,9,33],directori:[0,12,13,19,22,34],disadvantag:26,discuss:[9,11,13,17,19,21,25,26,31,32,34],disk:12,displai:[3,5,6,12,16,22,23,25,32,33,34],display_cosmic_rai:33,disregard:22,dissip:33,distanc:6,distinguish:33,distrbut:6,distribut:[0,3,5,11,16,31],dive:[1,2],divid:[3,16,21,25,31,32],dividng:31,doc:18,document:[9,12,13,19,36],doe:[1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,12,15,16,18,23,30,31,33,36],doesn:[3,6,12,15],doi:0,dokkum:33,dome:[21,23,32],domin:[6,16,21],don:[2,5],done:[0,6,12,23,25,27,32,33,36],donut:[2,4,22],dot:[3,5],doubl:32,doubt:0,down:[7,15,22,27],download:[3,12],download_data:0,download_fil:34,downsid:[6,33],downward:16,dozen:33,draft:[0,36],drawn:[6,33],dsitribut:15,dtype:[9,12,22,23],due:[2,15,16,21],duplic:22,dure:[1,2,10,13,19,27,30,31,32,33],dust:[2,4,20,22],e:[0,3,5,6,7,11,12,15,16,18,31,33],each:[0,1,2,3,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,15,18,22,23,25,27,30,31,32,33,34],earlier:[18,25,26,27,33,34,36],earth:33,easier:[3,9],easiest:6,easili:[13,19,36],ed:2,edg:[11,25,32,33],edit:3,editor:3,effect:[2,3,12,14,16,23,33],either:[0,6,7,19,20,27,33,36],electr:[12,16,18,22,25],electroluminesc:21,electron:[3,4,5,10,11,15,16,23,31,33],element:[1,2,4,23],elif:22,elimin:[2,6,16,27,32,33,36],ellipticalapertur:[3,4,5,15,35],els:[6,20,34],emit:16,emphas:11,empti:9,en:[3,18],encod:34,encount:[22,25],end:[5,7,11,12,15,22,33,36],energi:15,enough:[4,6,7,15,16,18,22,27,33],ensur:[2,3,9,16,22,27,33],entir:[3,7,16,34],enumer:25,env:[3,4,5,15,25,32,33,34,35],environ:[3,4,5,6,15,35],equal:[15,16,31],equat:4,equatori:[7,22,23,25],equival:[0,2,6,16,31],errno:34,error:[0,3,6,18,21,22,25],especi:[0,6],essenti:[1,2,3,6,7,12,13,16,19,21,23],estim:6,evalu:[6,7],even:[3,5,6,12,14,15,16,31,32,33],event:33,everi:[2,3,8,10,14,15,21,32],everyth:[0,3],everywher:6,evid:4,ex1_darks_raw:18,ex1_images_raw:18,ex1_images_reduc:18,ex1_path:32,ex1_path_raw:18,ex1_path_reduc:18,ex2_calibr:27,ex2_images_raw:18,ex2_images_reduc:18,ex2_path:[31,32,33,34],ex2_path_raw:18,ex2_path_reduc:18,exact:27,exactli:[5,8,13,19,26],exagger:[3,5,6],examin:[7,12,37],exampl:[0,3,6,9,11,15,17,27,32,33],example1:[12,13,18,19,22,23,25,32],example2:[12,13,18,19,22,23,25,27,31,32,33,34],example3:12,example_cryo_path:12,exce:[15,16],excel:[0,27],except:[2,3,5,9,17,22,27,32,34,35],excit:15,exclud:[0,6,16,31,33],execut:36,executepreprocessor:36,exept:2,exhaust:32,exist:12,exist_ok:[9,12,27],exoplanet:[31,33],exp:15,exp_tim:19,expect:[3,5,7,12,15,16,22,23,31,32,33],expected_exposure_tim:22,expected_mean:15,expected_mean_dark:15,expected_scal:15,experi:3,explain:[6,22,33],explicit:[18,34],explor:[9,15],expos:[7,10,12,32],exposur:[0,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,17,18,22,23,25,27,31,32,33,35],exposure_tim:[3,9,16,22,25,27],exposure_unit:[22,25,27],express:[5,6],exptim:[12,18,19,22,25],extend:[7,12,27,33],extens:9,extent:7,extra:[7,10],extract:[0,3],extrem:[3,12,13,14,19,23,32,33],f8:[9,22],f:9,fact:[1,2,19,33],factor:[6,13,15,16,19],fail:32,failur:27,faint:6,fair:6,fairli:[2,16,21,25,33],fall:31,fals:[3,6,15,16,22,25,31,32,33,35],familiar:0,far:[3,6,22,33,34],farther:6,fast:33,faster:6,feasibl:16,featur:[6,7,9,13,19,33],feedback:[0,36],feet:33,fell:[1,2],few:[3,4,6,7,8,9,12,15,16,21,27,31,33],field:[18,23,25,27,33,34],fig:[6,11,12,13,16,19,23,25,32],figsiz:[3,5,6,7,11,12,13,15,16,19,23,25,31,32,35],figur:[3,5,6,7,11,12,13,15,16,19,22,23,25,31,32,33,35],file:[3,4,5,7,9,11,13,15,18,19,22,23,25,31,32,34,35],file_nam:[12,18,22,25,34],fileimagetyp:34,fileimagetypbiassecccdsecdatasec:12,fileimagetypbiassectrimsec:12,fileimagetypexptim:12,fileimagetypexptimefilt:18,fileimagetypexptimefiltercombin:18,fileimagetypfilterexptimenaxis1naxis2:12,fileimagetypnaxis1naxis2:12,fileio:34,filenam:9,filenotfounderror:34,fileobj:34,files_filt:[12,13,18,19,22,23,34],filesimplebitpixnaxisnaxis1naxis2imagetypexposurebunitfilterobject:9,fill:25,filt:[9,23,25],filter:[2,4,12,18,20,23,25,27,32],final_imag:4,final_image2:4,financi:0,find:[6,7,22,25,33,36],find_nearest_dark_ex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,5,6,9,10,12,13,15,16,19,21,22,23,31,34,36,37],your:[3,5,6,8,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,27,31,33,36],your_token_her:36,ystddev_rang:3,ytick:6,yy:17,zenith:21,zenodo:[0,22],zero:[3,4,5,6,7,10,12,14,15,16,17,21,25,32,35],zeros_lik:3,zip:[0,6,23]},titles:["Preface","<span class=\"section-number\">1. </span>Astronomical Images","<span class=\"section-number\">1.1. </span>Understanding an astronomical CCD image","<span class=\"section-number\">1.2. </span>Construction of an artificial (but realistic) image","<span class=\"section-number\">1.3. </span>Nonuniform sensitivity","<span class=\"section-number\">1.4. </span>Calibration overview","<span class=\"section-number\">1.5. </span>Image combination","<span class=\"section-number\">1.6. </span>Overscan","<span class=\"section-number\">1.7. </span>Calibration choices you need to make","<span class=\"section-number\">1.8. </span>Reading images","<span class=\"section-number\">2. </span>Handling overscan, trimming, and bias subtraction","<span class=\"section-number\">2.1. </span>About bias and overscan","<span class=\"section-number\">2.2. </span>Calibrating bias images","<span class=\"section-number\">2.3. </span>Combine bias images to make master","<span class=\"section-number\">3. </span>Dark current and hot pixels","<span class=\"section-number\">3.1. </span>Dark current: the ideal case","<span class=\"section-number\">3.2. </span>Real dark current: noise and other artifacts","<span class=\"section-number\">3.3. </span>Handling overscan and bias for dark frames","<span class=\"section-number\">3.4. </span>Calibrate dark images","<span class=\"section-number\">3.5. </span>Combine calibrated dark images for use in later reduction steps","<span class=\"section-number\">4. </span>Flat corrections","<span class=\"section-number\">4.1. </span>More about flat corrections","<span class=\"section-number\">4.2. </span>Calibrating the flats","<span class=\"section-number\">4.3. </span>Combining flats","<span class=\"section-number\">5. </span>Reducing science images","<span class=\"section-number\">5.1. </span>Two science image calibration examples","Combining images","Creating a sky flat","Combination with alignment via WCS","Combination with alignment based on star positions in the image","<span class=\"section-number\">6. </span>Image masking","<span class=\"section-number\">6.1. </span>Identifying hot pixels","<span class=\"section-number\">6.2. </span>Creating an image mask","<span class=\"section-number\">6.3. </span>Cosmic ray removal","<span class=\"section-number\">6.4. </span>Incorporating masks into calibrated science images","&lt;no title&gt;","CCD guide: preparation for publishing","&lt;no 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