diff --git a/.changeset/inlineImage-maybeNot-crossOrigin.md b/.changeset/inlineImage-maybeNot-crossOrigin.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..071cd95c6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/inlineImage-maybeNot-crossOrigin.md
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+"@amplitude/rrweb": patch
+"@amplitude/rrweb-snapshot": patch
+---
+
+inlineImages: during snapshot avoid adding an event listener for inlining of same-origin images (async listener mutates the snapshot which can be problematic)
diff --git a/.changeset/kind-kids-design.md b/.changeset/kind-kids-design.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7423fa6ca7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/kind-kids-design.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@amplitude/rrweb": patch
+---
+
+Optimize performance of isParentRemoved by converting it to an iterative procedure
diff --git a/.changeset/proud-clocks-hope.md b/.changeset/proud-clocks-hope.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c66e91ae9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/proud-clocks-hope.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@amplitude/rrweb-snapshot": patch
+---
+
+(when `recordCanvas: true`): ensure we use doc.createElement instead of document.createElement to allow use in non-browser e.g. jsdom environments
diff --git a/.changeset/shadow-dom-unbusify.md b/.changeset/shadow-dom-unbusify.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6c9b45771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.changeset/shadow-dom-unbusify.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+"@amplitude/rrweb": patch
+---
+
+Refactor to preclude the need for a continuous raf loop running in the background which is related to shadowDom
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/rebuild.ts b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/rebuild.ts
index 7c6ed948e6..2cb554cbfa 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/rebuild.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/rebuild.ts
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ function buildNode(
         const value = specialAttributes[name];
         // handle internal attributes
         if (tagName === 'canvas' && name === 'rr_dataURL') {
-          const image = document.createElement('img');
+          const image = doc.createElement('img');
           image.onload = () => {
             const ctx = (node as HTMLCanvasElement).getContext('2d');
             if (ctx) {
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/snapshot.ts b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/snapshot.ts
index 81dc2133a0..6fbfff7bb6 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/snapshot.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/src/snapshot.ts
@@ -726,7 +726,7 @@ function serializeElementNode(
       );
 
       // create blank canvas of same dimensions
-      const blankCanvas = document.createElement('canvas');
+      const blankCanvas = doc.createElement('canvas');
       blankCanvas.width = (n as HTMLCanvasElement).width;
       blankCanvas.height = (n as HTMLCanvasElement).height;
       const blankCanvasDataURL = blankCanvas.toDataURL(
@@ -747,8 +747,9 @@ function serializeElementNode(
       canvasCtx = canvasService.getContext('2d');
     }
     const image = n as HTMLImageElement;
-    const oldValue = image.crossOrigin;
-    image.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';
+    const imageSrc: string =
+      image.currentSrc || image.getAttribute('src') || '<unknown-src>';
+    const priorCrossOrigin = image.crossOrigin;
     const recordInlineImage = () => {
       image.removeEventListener('load', recordInlineImage);
       try {
@@ -760,13 +761,23 @@ function serializeElementNode(
           dataURLOptions.quality,
         );
       } catch (err) {
-        console.warn(
-          `Cannot inline img src=${image.currentSrc}! Error: ${err as string}`,
-        );
+        if (image.crossOrigin !== 'anonymous') {
+          image.crossOrigin = 'anonymous';
+          if (image.complete && image.naturalWidth !== 0)
+            recordInlineImage(); // too early due to image reload
+          else image.addEventListener('load', recordInlineImage);
+          return;
+        } else {
+          console.warn(
+            `Cannot inline img src=${imageSrc}! Error: ${err as string}`,
+          );
+        }
+      }
+      if (image.crossOrigin === 'anonymous') {
+        priorCrossOrigin
+          ? (attributes.crossOrigin = priorCrossOrigin)
+          : image.removeAttribute('crossorigin');
       }
-      oldValue
-        ? (attributes.crossOrigin = oldValue)
-        : image.removeAttribute('crossorigin');
     };
     // The image content may not have finished loading yet.
     if (image.complete && image.naturalWidth !== 0) recordInlineImage();
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
index 39c8c49ee1..e95a718645 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
@@ -338,6 +338,7 @@ exports[`integration tests [html file]: mask-text.html 1`] = `
 exports[`integration tests [html file]: picture.html 1`] = `
 "<html xmlns=\\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\\"><head></head><body>
     <picture>
+      <!-- these are 404 - not sure if that's intentional -->
       <source type=\\"image/webp\\" srcset=\\"http://localhost:3030/assets/img/characters/robot.webp\\" />
       <img src=\\"http://localhost:3030/assets/img/characters/robot.png\\" />
     </picture>
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/html/picture.html b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/html/picture.html
index e005310b77..2401ca0c61 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/html/picture.html
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/html/picture.html
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <body>
     <picture>
+      <!-- these are 404 - not sure if that's intentional -->
       <source type="image/webp" srcset="assets/img/characters/robot.webp" />
       <img src="assets/img/characters/robot.png" />
     </picture>
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/images/rrweb-favicon-20x20.png b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/images/rrweb-favicon-20x20.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..561f9060d7
Binary files /dev/null and b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/images/rrweb-favicon-20x20.png differ
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/integration.test.ts b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/integration.test.ts
index dcc6a3ec0b..f212b0fd4c 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/integration.test.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/integration.test.ts
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import * as puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
 import * as rollup from 'rollup';
 import * as typescript from 'rollup-plugin-typescript2';
 import * as assert from 'assert';
-import { waitForRAF } from './utils';
+import { waitForRAF, getServerURL } from './utils';
 
 const _typescript = typescript as unknown as () => rollup.Plugin;
 
@@ -209,12 +209,63 @@ iframe.contentDocument.querySelector('center').clientHeight
         inlineImages: true,
         inlineStylesheet: false
     })`);
-    await waitForRAF(page);
-    const snapshot = (await page.evaluate(
-      'JSON.stringify(snapshot, null, 2);',
-    )) as string;
-    assert(snapshot.includes('"rr_dataURL"'));
-    assert(snapshot.includes('data:image/webp;base64,'));
+    // don't wait, as we want to ensure that the same-origin image can be inlined immediately
+    const bodyChildren = (await page.evaluate(`
+      snapshot.childNodes[0].childNodes[1].childNodes.filter((cn) => cn.type === 2);
+`)) as any[];
+    expect(bodyChildren[1]).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        tagName: 'img',
+        attributes: {
+          src: expect.stringMatching(/images\/robot.png$/),
+          alt: 'This is a robot',
+          rr_dataURL: expect.stringMatching(/^data:image\/webp;base64,/),
+        },
+      }),
+    );
+  });
+
+  it('correctly saves cross-origin images offline', async () => {
+    const page: puppeteer.Page = await browser.newPage();
+
+    await page.goto('about:blank', {
+      waitUntil: 'load',
+    });
+    await page.setContent(
+      `
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <body>
+    <img src="${getServerURL(
+      server,
+    )}/images/rrweb-favicon-20x20.png" alt="CORS restricted but has access-control-allow-origin: *" />
+  </body>
+</html>
+`,
+      {
+        waitUntil: 'load',
+      },
+    );
+
+    await page.waitForSelector('img', { timeout: 1000 });
+    await page.evaluate(`${code}var snapshot = rrweb.snapshot(document, {
+        dataURLOptions: { type: "image/webp", quality: 0.8 },
+        inlineImages: true,
+        inlineStylesheet: false
+    })`);
+    await waitForRAF(page); // need a small wait, as after the crossOrigin="anonymous" change, the snapshot triggers a reload of the image (after which, the snapshot is mutated)
+    const bodyChildren = (await page.evaluate(`
+      snapshot.childNodes[0].childNodes[1].childNodes.filter((cn) => cn.type === 2);
+`)) as any[];
+    expect(bodyChildren[0]).toEqual(
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        tagName: 'img',
+        attributes: {
+          src: getServerURL(server) + '/images/rrweb-favicon-20x20.png',
+          alt: 'CORS restricted but has access-control-allow-origin: *',
+          rr_dataURL: expect.stringMatching(/^data:image\/webp;base64,/),
+        },
+      }),
+    );
   });
 
   it('correctly saves blob:images offline', async () => {
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/snapshot.test.ts b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/snapshot.test.ts
index aa4bb428ee..7c930c3929 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/snapshot.test.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/snapshot.test.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import {
   serializeNodeWithId,
   _isBlockedElement,
 } from '../src/snapshot';
+import snapshot from '../src/snapshot';
 import { serializedNodeWithId, elementNode } from '../src/types';
 import { Mirror } from '../src/utils';
 
@@ -257,3 +258,27 @@ describe('form', () => {
     expect(sel?.childNodes).toEqual([]); // shouldn't be stored in childNodes while in transit
   });
 });
+
+describe('jsdom snapshot', () => {
+  const render = (html: string): Document => {
+    document.write(html);
+    return document;
+  };
+
+  it("doesn't rely on global browser objects", () => {
+    // this test is incomplete in terms of coverage,
+    // but the idea being that we are checking that all features use the
+    // passed-in `doc` object rather than the global `document`
+    // (which is only present in browsers)
+    // in any case, supporting jsdom is not a primary goal
+
+    const doc = render(`<!DOCTYPE html><p>Hello world</p><canvas></canvas>`);
+    const sn = snapshot(doc, {
+      // JSDOM Error: Not implemented: HTMLCanvasElement.prototype.toDataURL (without installing the canvas npm package)
+      //recordCanvas: true,
+    });
+    expect(sn).toMatchObject({
+      type: 0,
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/utils.ts b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/utils.ts
index 43d4484bb4..631f8640a6 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/utils.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb-snapshot/test/utils.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import * as puppeteer from 'puppeteer';
+import * as http from 'http';
 
 export async function waitForRAF(page: puppeteer.Page) {
   return await page.evaluate(() => {
@@ -9,3 +10,12 @@ export async function waitForRAF(page: puppeteer.Page) {
     });
   });
 }
+
+export function getServerURL(server: http.Server): string {
+  const address = server.address();
+  if (address && typeof address !== 'string') {
+    return `http://localhost:${address.port}`;
+  } else {
+    return `${address}`;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/src/record/index.ts b/packages/rrweb/src/record/index.ts
index 66b7fcfb3e..9a10ecedfc 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb/src/record/index.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb/src/record/index.ts
@@ -125,6 +125,11 @@ function record<T = eventWithTime>(
   if (inEmittingFrame && !emit) {
     throw new Error('emit function is required');
   }
+  if (!inEmittingFrame && !passEmitsToParent) {
+    return () => {
+      /* no-op since in this case we don't need to record anything from this frame in particular */
+    };
+  }
   // move departed options to new options
   if (mousemoveWait !== undefined && sampling.mousemove === undefined) {
     sampling.mousemove = mousemoveWait;
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/src/record/mutation.ts b/packages/rrweb/src/record/mutation.ts
index 860221e22f..3f5ce5b607 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb/src/record/mutation.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb/src/record/mutation.ts
@@ -802,15 +802,15 @@ function _isParentRemoved(
   n: Node,
   mirror: Mirror,
 ): boolean {
-  const { parentNode } = n;
-  if (!parentNode) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  const parentId = mirror.getId(parentNode);
-  if (removes.some((r) => r.id === parentId)) {
-    return true;
+  let node: ParentNode | null = n.parentNode;
+  while (node) {
+    const parentId = mirror.getId(node);
+    if (removes.some((r) => r.id === parentId)) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    node = node.parentNode;
   }
-  return _isParentRemoved(removes, parentNode, mirror);
+  return false;
 }
 
 function isAncestorInSet(set: Set<Node>, n: Node): boolean {
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/src/record/processed-node-manager.ts b/packages/rrweb/src/record/processed-node-manager.ts
index b5d6c4b679..c5c3490dab 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb/src/record/processed-node-manager.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb/src/record/processed-node-manager.ts
@@ -5,19 +5,8 @@ import type MutationBuffer from './mutation';
  */
 export default class ProcessedNodeManager {
   private nodeMap: WeakMap<Node, Set<MutationBuffer>> = new WeakMap();
-  // Whether to continue RAF loop.
-  private loop = true;
 
-  constructor() {
-    this.periodicallyClear();
-  }
-
-  private periodicallyClear() {
-    requestAnimationFrame(() => {
-      this.clear();
-      if (this.loop) this.periodicallyClear();
-    });
-  }
+  private active = false;
 
   public inOtherBuffer(node: Node, thisBuffer: MutationBuffer) {
     const buffers = this.nodeMap.get(node);
@@ -27,15 +16,17 @@ export default class ProcessedNodeManager {
   }
 
   public add(node: Node, buffer: MutationBuffer) {
+    if (!this.active) {
+      this.active = true;
+      requestAnimationFrame(() => {
+        this.nodeMap = new WeakMap();
+        this.active = false;
+      });
+    }
     this.nodeMap.set(node, (this.nodeMap.get(node) || new Set()).add(buffer));
   }
 
-  private clear() {
-    this.nodeMap = new WeakMap();
-  }
-
   public destroy() {
-    // Stop the RAF loop.
-    this.loop = false;
+    // cleanup no longer needed
   }
 }
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap b/packages/rrweb/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
index f349bd2669..1572b675b6 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
+++ b/packages/rrweb/test/__snapshots__/integration.test.ts.snap
@@ -12777,40 +12777,6 @@ exports[`record integration tests should record images inside iframe with blob u
         }
       ]
     }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 41,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": \\"anonymous\\"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 41,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": null
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
   }
 ]"
 `;
@@ -13245,40 +13211,6 @@ exports[`record integration tests should record images inside iframe with blob u
         }
       ]
     }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 47,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": \\"anonymous\\"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 47,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": null
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
   }
 ]"
 `;
@@ -13486,40 +13418,6 @@ exports[`record integration tests should record images with blob url 1`] = `
         }
       ]
     }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 24,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": \\"anonymous\\"
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
-  },
-  {
-    \\"type\\": 3,
-    \\"data\\": {
-      \\"source\\": 0,
-      \\"texts\\": [],
-      \\"attributes\\": [
-        {
-          \\"id\\": 24,
-          \\"attributes\\": {
-            \\"crossorigin\\": null
-          }
-        }
-      ],
-      \\"removes\\": [],
-      \\"adds\\": []
-    }
   }
 ]"
 `;
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/test/benchmark/dom-mutation.test.ts b/packages/rrweb/test/benchmark/dom-mutation.test.ts
index 4bf3109e2c..33bfb2566d 100644
--- a/packages/rrweb/test/benchmark/dom-mutation.test.ts
+++ b/packages/rrweb/test/benchmark/dom-mutation.test.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ const suites: Array<
   //   eval: 'document.querySelector("button").click()',
   //   times: 10,
   // },
+  {
+    title: 'create 1000x 1 DOM nodes with deeply nested children',
+    html: 'benchmark-dom-mutation-deep-nested.html',
+    eval: 'window.workload()',
+    times: 10,
+  },
   {
     title: 'create 1000x10 DOM nodes',
     html: 'benchmark-dom-mutation.html',
diff --git a/packages/rrweb/test/html/benchmark-dom-mutation-deep-nested.html b/packages/rrweb/test/html/benchmark-dom-mutation-deep-nested.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fd0a4258b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/rrweb/test/html/benchmark-dom-mutation-deep-nested.html
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+<html>
+  <body></body>
+  <script>
+    function init() {
+      const count = 100;
+
+      let roots = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
+        const div = document.createElement('div');
+        document.body.appendChild(div);
+        roots.push(div);
+      }
+
+      let tree_depth = 256;
+      let children = [...roots];
+      while (tree_depth > 0) {
+        for (let i = 0; i < children.length; i++) {
+          const div = document.createElement('div');
+          children[i].appendChild(div);
+          children[i] = div;
+        }
+        tree_depth--;
+      }
+    }
+
+    window.workload = () => {
+        document.body.innerHTML = '';
+        init();
+    };
+  </script>
+</html>