SelectedWorksOfHoChiMinh-Vol1-1960.txt

    HO CHI MINH
    Selected Works

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    HO CHI MINHSELECTED WORKS

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    HO CHI MINH
    SELECTED
    W○RKS
    VOLUME I
    ( Articles and speeches, 1922-1926)
    HANOIFOREIGN LANGUAGES PUHLINIING HOUSE
    1960

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    CONTENTS
    Page
    Foreword
    9
    Some Considerations on the Colonial Question
    11
    In a. High Civilization
    15
    Equali
    The Civilizers
    19
    Racial Hatred
    21
    Murderous Civilization
    Annamese Women and French Domination
    An o
    Letter to M. Albert Sarraut, Minister of
    Colonies
    The Martyrdom of Amdouni and Ben-Belkhir
    30
    About Siki
    32
    Indochinese Prosperity under the Rule of M. Iong
    The Colonial Abyss
    37
    Open Letter to M. Leon Archimbaud
    Just as in the Mother C
    43
    Menagerie
    45
    Uprising at Dahomey.
    48
    Despotism in Indo-China- Protected and Protectors. 50
    Oppression hits all race.
    52
    The Counter- Revolutionary Army.'It is not Militarism, bu
    Inglish Color
    57

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    The Workers' Movement in Turkey
    Annamese Peasant Conditions.
    Chinese Peasant Conditions....".
    Lenin and the Colonial Peoples
    70
    Workers' movement in the Far East
    Indo-China and the Pacific
    The U.S. R.R. and the Colonial Peoples
    80
    What French Imperialism is Capable of
    There are documents which mark a turning point in
    The failure of French Colonization
    7
    the history of a people: Ho Chi Minh's works are ofthis kind
    The Glories of French Civilization
    90
    Lenin and the Peoples of the East
    94
    Volume /, now before the reader, contains articles
    Bolshevist Barbarity
    written for the most part in French under the name o/
    Nguyen Ai Quoc, in the years 1922-1926. It also contains
    Lynching, a Little Known Aspect of American Civili
    one important speech made at this time. These documents
    zation...
    come from a day when the prospects of the anti-colonialist
    Imperialists and China
    106
    struggle were far from being discerned by all. Subsequent
    Marshal Lyautey and the Declaration of the Rights or 11
    Civilization that Kills
    3
    volumes will comprise an essay written in 1925, and appealsand messages written from 1915 to 1960, at a time when
    Man and the Citizen.
    120
    the weapons for the victoryof the Vietnamese peoplewere being forged.
    Condemned Colonization
    123
    The Ku-Klux-Klan
    127
    Is it necessary to recall the wonderful successes wonby the world anti-colonialist movement of which H
    Problems of Asia
    133
    Chi Minh has been one of the advocates and to which he
    Rule britannia
    137
    has devoted his whole life
    Lenin and the East
    139
    Our day bears the imprint of the irresistible advance
    Report on the National and Colonial Questions at the
    of oppressed peoples. From Hanoi to Conakry, frron
    Fifth Congress of the Communist Internation
    142
    Djakarta to Havana, they have won victory after victory
    Notes of Explanation and Information
    155
    Colonialism no longer dares even to say its own name. Thehour of the last offensive has struck. The emancipation ofall enslaved nations is going full steam ahead.
    May the present edition of Ho Chi Minh's selectedworks bring to the peoples who, still suffering, are carryingon the struggle for their independence, confidence in theirimmense abilities and new grounds for hope.
    Foreign Languages Pu
    Publishing H
    g
    ouse
    Hanoi
    8

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    SOME CONSIDERATIONS ON THE
    COLONIAL QUESTION
    Since the French Party has accepted Moscowstwenty-one conditions(1) and joined the Third Inter-national, among the problems which it has set itself is aparticularly ticklish one- colonial policy. Unlike the Firstand Second Internationals, it cannot be satisfied withpurely sentimental expressions of position leading tonothing at all, but must have a well defined working proramme, an effective and practical policy.
    On this point, more than on others, the Party facesmany difficulties, the greatest of which are the following:
    1. The great size of the colonies
    Not counting the new 'trusteeships'acquired afterthe war, France possesses
    In order to preserve the authenticity of
    In Asia, 450, ooo square kilometres, in Africa
    the texts and the atmosphere of an epoch
    3, 541,000 square kilometres, in America, Io8, ooo square
    now past, we retain the words Annam and
    kilometres and in Oceania 21, 6oo square kilometres, or a
    Annamese to indicate Viet Nam and the viet-
    total area of 4, 120, ooo square kilometres(eight times its
    namese respectively, though these terms havebeen discarded since 1945 because of their
    own territory), with a population of 48, 000, ooo souls.
    derogatory sense
    These people speak over twenty different languages. This

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    diversity of tongues does not make propaganda easy, for,
    3. The ignorance of the natives
    except in a few old colonies, a French propagandist canmake himself understood only through an interpreter. How
    In colonized countries-in old Indo-China as well as
    ever, translations are of limited value, and in these
    in new Dahomey the class struggle, and proletarian
    countries of administrative despotism, it is rather difficult
    strength, are unknown factors for the simple reason that
    to find an interpreter to translate revolutionary speeches
    there are neither big commercial and industrial enterprises,nor workers'organizations. In the eyes of the natives
    There are other drawbacks: though the natives of all
    Bolshevism- a word which is the more vivid and expres-
    the colonies are equally oppressed and exploited,their
    sive because frequently used by the bourgeoisie-means
    intellectual, economic and political development differs
    either the destruction of everything or emancipation from
    greatly from one region to another. Between Annam (2)
    the foreign yoke. The first sense given to the word drives
    and the Congo, Martinique and New Caledonia, there is
    the ignorant and timorous masses away from us; the second
    absolutely nothing in common, except poverty.
    leads them to nationalism. Both senses are equally dangerous. Only a tiny section of the intelligentsia knows what
    2. The indifference of the proletariat of the mother
    is meant by communism. But these gentry, belonging to
    country towards the colonies
    the native bourgeoisie and supporting the bourgeois colo
    In his theses on the colonial question (3), Lenin
    nialists, have no interest in the communist doctrine beingunderstood and propagated. On the contrary, like the dog
    clearly stated that ' the workers of colonizing countries are
    in the fable, they prefer to bear the mark of the collar and
    bound to give the most active assistance to the liberationmovements in subject countries'. To this end, the workers
    to have their piece of bone. Generally speaking, the massesare thoroughly rebellious, but completely ignorant. They
    of the mother country must know what a colony really is,
    want to free themselves, but do not know how to go about
    they must be acquainted with what is going on there, and with
    doing s
    the suffering- a thousand times more acute than theirs-endured by their brothers, the proletarians in the colonies
    4. Prejudices
    In a word, they must take an interest in this question
    The mutual ignorance of the two proletariats gives rise
    Unfortunately, there are many militants who still
    to prejudices. The French workers look upon the native as
    think that a colony is nothing but a country with plenty of
    an inferior and negligible human being, incapable of
    sand underfoot and of sun overhead a few green coconut
    understanding and still less of taking action. The natives
    palms and coloured folk, that is all. And they take not the
    regard all the French as wicked exploiters. Imperialism and
    slightest interest in the matter
    capitalit m do not fail to take advantage of this mutual

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    suspicion and this artificial racial hierarchy to frustratepropaganda and divide forces which ought to unite.
    5. Fierceness of repression
    If the F
    nialists are unskilful in developin
    colonial resources, they are masters in the art of savagerepression and the manufacture of loyalty made to measure
    The Gandhis and the de valera (4)would have long since
    IN A. HIGH CIVILIZATION
    entered heaven had they been born in one of the Frenchcolonies. Surrounded by all the refinements of courtsmartial and special courts, a native militant cannot educate
    M. Albert Sarraut (5) has told the colonial group ofthe Chamber of Deputies that'it is in the sphere of over-
    his oppressed and ignorant brothers without the risk of
    seas activity that, faithful to the splendid mission by which
    falling into the clutches of his civilizers
    she has dazzled the world and history, beneficent France is
    Faced with these difficulties, what must the Party do
    carrying on a work of progress and justice, of the elevation
    Intensify propaganda to overcome them.
    of races, of lofty civilization, whose nobility every dayenhances the centuries-old radiance of her tradition
    Humanite, May 25, 1922
    Now, here is how this work of progress and justiceetc, is put into practice.. On the pretext of acting againstvagrancy, the natives of Madagascar are put to forcedlabour. Thus, on the back of a sheet of paper which is thenative's identity card, there are small squares to be filledin by the employer. In the first of these squares are printedthe essential particulars which should be counter-signed by
    thee employer
    Employed by Mr
    At
    rom...
    he employer :(signed)
    Any native whose identity card is not duly filled inas prescribed above is considered a vagrant and gets from
    I6

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    three months to one years imprisonment, and is liable,after serving his term, to be prohibited from residing incertain areas for from five to ten years
    Now let us see how the native workers are treated bythese civilizing employers
    One of them wrote to an overseer who had asked forthe wages due to one of his workers, Tell that pig to goand eat dirt, it is the only food fit for him
    EQUALITY
    Another, discovering that 5, ooo francs had been stolenfrom his home, submitted his eight native employees tocontact with live electric wires in order to obtain a confes
    To hide the ugliness of its regime of criminal exploita
    sion. It was discovered later that the thief was the em-
    tion, colonial capitalism always decorates its evil banner
    ployer's own son. The civilizing son had a good time. The
    with the idealistic motto Fraternity, Equality, etc.
    civilizing father was not worried. The fortunate proteges
    Here is how these champions of equality put their
    of france are still in Tananarive hospital
    logan into practice.
    In the same workshop and for the same work a whiteworkman is several times better paid than his coloured
    La vie Ouvriere, May 26, 1922
    brother.
    In administrative offices, despite length of service andrecognized ability, a native is paid starvation wages, whilea freshly arrived white man receives a higher salary withless work to do.
    After receiving higher education in the parent state
    and obtaining degrees as doctors of medicine or of law
    young native people cannot exercise their professions intheir own country if they are not naturalized(and howmany difficulties and humiliations a native must go throughto obtain this naturalization !)
    Dragged away from their countries and their homes,and pressganged into the army as volunteers,, the militarized natives are quick to savour the exquisite significanceof this phantasmal equality' they are defending.
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    With the same rank, a white non-commissioned officeris almost always regarded as superior to his native colleaguewho must salute and obey him
    This- military' hierarchy is still more strikingwhen white and coloured soldiers travel in the same trainor ship.
    Here is the most recent example
    In May the S S. Liger left France for Madagascar
    THE CIVILIZERS
    with six hundred Malagasy(6)soldiers on board.
    The Malagasy non-commissioned officers were crowdedinto the holds, while their white colleagues were installed in
    Under the title Colonial Bandits' our comrade
    Victor Meric (8)has told us of the incredible cruelty of a
    comfortable cabins.
    french administrator in the colonies who poured molten
    May our coloured brothers, warmed by the ship,s
    rubber into the genitals of an unfortunate Negress. After
    boilers, if not by an ideal, awakened by the noise of the
    which, he made her carry a huge stone on her head in the
    propellers, or by the voice of their conscience, think overnd understand the fact that the good capitalism will always
    blazing sun, until she died
    This sadistic official is now continuing his exploits in
    consider them as ordinary olo maloto(?).
    another district, still with the same rank
    Unfortunately, such odious deeds are not rare inwhat
    Humanite, June 1, 1922
    the good press calls'overseas France.
    In March I922, a customs-house officer at Baria
    Cochin-China) all but sent an Annamese woman saltcarrier to her death because she had disturbed his siesta bymaking a noise outside the verandah of his house.
    The best of it is that this woman was threatened withthe sack from the construction yard she was working on ifshe lodged a complaint.
    In April, another customs-house officer who took theplace of the above-mentioned official, proved to be worthyyof his predecessor for his brutalities
    An old Annamese woman, also a salt carrier, had anargument with a woman overseer regarding the stoppage of
    N

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    part of her wages. On hearing the overseer's complaint, theoffcer, without more ado, took it upon himself to give thecarrier two stinging slaps in the face. While the poor womanwas stooping to pick up her hat, the civilizer, not satisfiedwith the slaps he had just given her, furiously kicked herin the lower abdomen, immediately provoking a great flowof blood
    When the unfortunate Annamese fell to the ground M.
    RACIAL HATRED
    Sarraut's collaborator, instead of succouring her, called forthe village mayor to carry her away. This worthy refused.
    Then the officer called in the victim s husband, who was
    For having spoken of the class struggle and of equality
    blind, and ordered him to take his wife away. The poor old
    among men, and on the charge of having preached racialhatred, our comrade Louzon (9)has been sentenced
    woman Is now in hospital.
    It's odds on that, like their colleague the administrator
    Let us see how the love between peoples has been
    in Africa, our two customs-house officers were not worried.
    understood and applied in Indo-China of late. We will
    They might even have received promotion
    not speak for the time being of the poisoning and degradation of the masses by alcohol and opium of which thecolonial government is guilty i our comrades in the parlia
    Le Paria, July 1, 1922
    mentary group will have to deal with this matter one day.
    Everybody knows the deeds of derring-do of theassassin-administrator Darles(10,. However, he is far fromhaving the monopoly of savagery against the natives.
    A certain Pourcignon furiously rushed upon anAnnamese who was so curious and bold as to look at this
    European's house for a few seconds. He beat him andfinally shot him down with a bullet in the head.
    A railway official beat a Tonkinese village mayor witha cane.
    M. Beck broke his car drivers skull with a blow Iromhis fist
    M. Bres, building contractor, kicked an Annamese to
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    death after binding his arms and letting him be bitten by
    his dog.
    M. Deffis, receiver, killed his Annamese servant witha powerful kick in the kidneys.
    M. Henry, a mechanic at Haiphong, heard a noise inthe street; the door of his house opened, an Annamesewoman come in, pursued by a man. Henry, thinking thatit was a native chasing after a' con-gai'(11) snatched up
    MURDEROUS CIVILIZATION
    his hunting rifle and shot him. The man fell, stone deadit was a European. Questioned, Henry replied, 'I thought
    We have of late pointed out from this platform a
    It was a native
    series of assassinations perpetrated by our 'civilizers
    A Frenchman lodged his horse in a stable in which
    which remain unpunished. Alas The gloomy black list
    there was a mare belonging to a native. The horse pranced,
    lengthens every day.
    throwing the Fhenchman into a furious rage. He beat the
    Quite recently, a fifty year old Annamese employed
    native, who began to bleed from the mouth and ears after
    for 25 years in the Railways Department of Cochin-China
    which he bound his hands and hung him from them under
    was murdered by a white official. Here are the facts
    his staircase
    Le Van Tai had in his charge four other Annamese
    A missionary(oh yes, a gentle apostle ), suspecting a
    employed in preventing trains from crossing a bridge while
    native seminarist of having stolen I, ooo piastres from him,
    it was opened to let navigation pass. The order was to close
    suspended him from a beam and beat him. The poor fellow
    the bridge to navigation ten minutes before the trains were
    lost consciousness. He was taken down. When he came to,
    due to cross the bridge
    it began again. He was dying, and is perhaps dead
    On April 2, at 4.30 p. m, one of these Arnamese
    already., etc.
    Has justice punished these individuals, these civilizers
    came to close the bridge and lower the signal. Just then agovernment launch appeared with a naval dockyard official
    Some have been acquitted and others were not troubled
    on board returning from a hunt. The launch whistled. The
    by the law at all. That's that. And now.
    native employee went to the middle of the brids and waved
    Accused Louzon, it's your turn to speak I
    a red flag as a sign to the boat that a train was going topass and that navigation was accordingly suspended. Here
    Le Paria, July 1. 1922
    is what happened The launch came alongside a pillar ofthe bridge. The official jumped out and made furiously forthe Annamese employee. Prudently, the latter fled in the
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    direction of Tais house. The Frenchman pursued him,hrowing stones at him. When he heard the noise, Taicame out to meet the representative of civilization whoaddressed him thus, "You stupid brute, why don't youraise the bridge "In reply, Tai, who couldnot speak
    French, pointed to the red signal. This simple gestureexasperated M. Long's (12) collaborator who, withoutmore ado, fell upon Tai and, after giving him a thorough
    ANNAMESE WOMEN
    drubbing, pushed him into a brazier nearby.
    AND FRENCH DOMINATION
    Horribly burnt, the Anamese crossing-keeper wascarried to hospital where he died after six days of atrocious
    Colonization is in itself an act of violence of the
    suffering. The French official was not charged.
    stronger against the weaker. This violence becomes still
    In Marseilles, the official prosperity of Indo-China is
    more odious when it is exercised upon women and children
    on display in Annam, people are dying of starvation. Here
    It is bitterly ironic to find that civilization - symbo
    loyalism is praised, there assassination is perpetrated
    lized in its various forms, viz. liberty, justice, etc, by the
    What do you say to this, oh thousands of times over
    get
    image of woman, and run by a category of men we
    Majesty Khai Dinh(13)and Excellentissimo Sarraut
    known to be champions of gallantry - inflicts on its livingemblem the most ignoble treatment and afflicts her shame
    P. S- While the life of an Annamese is not worth
    fully in her manners, her modesty and even her life.
    a cent, for a scratch on the arm, M. Inspector General
    Colonial sadism is unbelievably widespread and cruel,
    Reinhardt receives I20, ooo francs compensation. Equality
    but we shall confine ourselves here to recalling a few ins
    Beloved equality
    tances seen and described by witnesses unsuspected ofpartiality. These facts will allow our Western sisters torealize both the nature of the civilizing mission,of
    Le paria. August 1, 1922
    capitalism. and the sufferings of their sisters in the colonies.'On the arrival of the soldiers,, relates a colonial"the population fed; there only remained two old men andtwo women: one maiden, and a mother suckling her babyand holding an eight year old girl by the hand. The soldiers
    asked for money, spirits and opium
    "As they could not make themselves understood, theybecame furious and knocked down one of the old men with
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    their rifle butts. Later, two of them, already drunk whenthey arrived, amused themselves for many hours by roastingthe other old man at a wood fire. Meanwhile, the othersraped the two women and the eight year old girl. Then,weary, they murdered the girl. The mother was then able toescape with her infant and, from a hundred yards off,hidden in a bush, she saw her companion tortured. She didnot know why the murder was perpetrated, but she saw theyoung girl lying on her back, bound and gagged, and one of
    AN OPEN LETTER TO M, ALBERT SARRAUT,
    the men, many times, slowly thrust his bayonet into her
    MINISTER OF COLONIES
    stomach and, very slowly, draw it out again. Then he cutoff the dead giris finger to take a ring, and her head to
    Your Excellency,
    steal a necklace.
    We know very well that your affection for the natives
    The three corpses lay on the flat ground of a former
    f the colonies in general, and the Annamese in particular,
    salt-marsh: the eight year old girl naked, the young womandisembowelled, her stiffened left forearm raising a clenched
    Is great
    fist to the indifferent sky, and the old man, horrible, naked
    Under your proconsulate the Annamese people have
    like the others, disfigured by the roasting with his fat which
    known true prosperity and real happiness, the happiness of
    had run, melted and congealed with the skin of his belly,
    seeing their country dotted all over with an increasing
    which was bloated, grilled and golden, like the skin of a
    number of spirit and opium shops which, together withfiring squads, prisons, democracy'and all theimproved
    roast pig.
    apparatus of modern civilization, are combining to make the
    Annamese the most advanced of the Asians and the happiest
    Le Paria, August 1, 1922
    morta
    These acts of benevolence save us the troubleof
    recallingall the others, such as enforced recruitment and
    loans, bloody repressions, the dethronement and exile ofkings, profanation of sacred places, etc.
    As a Chinese poem says, The wind of kindnessfollows the movement of your fan, and the rain of virtueprecedes the tracks of your carriage. ' As you are now thesupreme head of all the colonies, your
    ecial care for the
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    Indochinese has but increased with your elevation. You
    If Your Excellency insists on knowing what we do
    have created in Paris itself a service having the special
    every day, nothing is easiefrwe shall publish every morn-
    task- with special regard to Indo-China, according to a
    ing a bulletin ofour movements, and Your Excellency will
    colonial publication - of keeping watch on the natives,
    have but the trouble of reading.
    especially the Annamese, living in France.
    Besides, our time-table is quite simple and almost
    But'keeping watch alone seemed to Your Excel-
    unchanging.
    lency's fatherly solicitude insufficient, and you wanted to
    Morning: from 8 to 12 at the workshop.
    do better. That is why for some time now, you have grant-
    Afternoon: in newspaper offices(leftist of course)or
    ed each Annamese -dear Annamese, as Your Excellency
    at the library
    says- private aides-de-camp. Though still novices in the
    Evening: at home or attending educational talks.
    art of Sherlock Holmes, these good people are very devoted
    Sundays and holidays visiting museums or other
    and particularly sympathetic. We have only. praise to
    places of interest.
    bestow on them and compliments to pay to their boss,
    There you are
    Yo
    E
    our上xce
    Hoping that this convenient and rational method wil
    We are sincerely moved by the honour that Your Excel-
    give satisfaction to Your Excellency, we beg to remain
    lency has the extreme kindness to grant us and we wouldhave accepted it with all gratitude if it did not seem a
    Nguyen Ai Quoc
    little superfluous and if it, did not excite envy and jealousy.
    At a time when Parliament is trying to save money,and cut down administrative personnel when there is a
    r Paria, August 1, 1922
    large budget deficit; when agriculture and industry lacklabour when attempts are being made to levy taxes onworkers' wages; and at a time when repopulation demandsthe use of all productive energies it would seem to usanti-patriotic at such a time to accept personal favourswhich necessarily cause loss of the powers of the citizenscondemned-as aides-de-camp- to idleness and the spending of money that the proletariat has sweated hard for.
    insequent
    ng obliged to you, we
    respectfully decline this distinction fattering to us but tooexpensive to the country.
    28

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    they fainted. When they recovered their senses, our protecor had their arms bound behind their backs and had therstrung up by their hands. Though the two unfortunateslost consciousness, the odious punishment lasted for fourhours and ended only when a neighbour protested
    Taken to hospital, the unfortunates each had to haveone hand amputated and it is not known whether the other
    hand can be saved
    THE MARTYRDOM OF
    There it is, fra-ter-ni-ty
    AMDOUNI AND BEN-BELKHIR
    The honourable M. Lucien Saint is too busy expellinggcommunists and journalists to think of the lives of his
    In the war fought to uphold the rule of law, to safe-
    native proteges.
    guard justice, civilization, etc... Ioo, ooo Tunisian infantrymen were mobilized, 6o per cent of whom did not comeback. At that time Tunisians were covered with flowers
    Le paria. November 1, 1922
    and showered with affection. Franco- Tunisian brotherhoodwas chanted with much love and tenderness, "a brotherhoodsealed for ever in blood and glory". A censorship was evenestablished to prevent publication in the press of anymatter likely to offend native opinion
    To-day, this fraternity has changed its form. It is nolonger expressed by caresses and fowers. It is expressedmore eloquently by revolver shots or riding-whips. Thefollowing facts are proof of thiIS
    Seeing three natives grazing their sheep in his olivegroves, a French settler sent his wife for his rifle andcartridges. When they were brought to him, our civilizerlaid in wait behind a bush, and, bang bang I bang threeshots went off and the three natives fell gravely wounded
    Another French settler had working for him twonatives, Amdoumi and Ben-Belkhir. It seemed that thesehad taken a few bunches of grapes. The settler sent forthem and beat them mercilessly with a bull's pizzle until
    31

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    After being knocked out by a Black, Carpentier calmlywent to visit Russia, the land of the Reds. We congratulate
    Siki on his victory. We also congratulate Carpentier on hisopen-mindedness.
    Fortune smiles only upon the rich, says the S D N17)(read sagesse des nations and not Societe des Nation
    Rene Maran(18)and Siki have caused much black ink toflow. Siki, furthermore, caused red blood to flow. Peoplde
    ABOUT SIKI
    are behaving as if both our African brothers need as muchink again. Following Marans ironical pen, Siki's gloves
    Ever since colonialism has existed, the Whites have
    have stirred everything, including even the political sphere.
    been paid to bash in the faces of the Blacks. For once,a
    And M. Luquet, Councillor of the Seine Department, im
    Black has been paid to do the same thing to a white. Being
    mediately tabled a motion attempting to ban boxing
    an opponent of all acts of violence, we disapprove of either
    M. Luquet must allow us to tell him respectfully
    procedure.
    that what he did was an anti-patriotic act. Here is our
    With a punch -if not scientifically aimed, at least
    explanation: from the point of view of international policy,
    amazingly well placed- Siki(14) definitely removed Car
    a feather-weight champion makes as much propaganda for
    penter from his pedestal to climb on to it himself
    our moral influence abroad as an immortal, a glorious
    The boxing championship has changed hands, but
    man, a song-writer or ten army corps(see the newspapers)
    national sporting glory has not suffered, because Siki. a
    From the national viewpoint, boxers are indispensable as
    child of Senegal, is in consequence a son of France, and
    an example of and stimulation to the physical excellence
    hence a Frenchman
    of the young generation. From the colonial viewpoint, a
    In spite of this, it so happens that every time Carpen-
    Carpentier-Siki match is worth more than one hundred
    tier wins, it is naturally due to his skill and science. But
    gubernatorial speeches to prove to our subjects and proteges
    every time he is beaten, it is always because of the brute
    that we want to apply to the letter the principle of equa
    strength of a Dempsey (15), or the dirty legwork of a Siki.
    lity between races. Will this threefold advantage be sacrificed
    This is the reason why at the Buffalo match(16), they
    to a vague humanitarianism No Isn't that so M. Sarraut
    wished to say -they had even made the statement-that
    Siki, though having won the match, lost it "just thesame". But the public, the good public, did not wish to
    We learn from the newspapers that Siki has just been
    see it in that light. And popular justice was triumphant:
    Siki was proclaimed champion of the world and of France.
    suspended for nine months from all boxing rings in France.
    Reason For having railed at M. Cuny.
    32
    HCM.3
    33

==========第18页==========
    What happened Before, Siki was glorified becausehe made Carpentiers nose swell today, he has not toucheda hair of M. Cuny's head and yet he is disgraced. Weare surely not going to be made to believe that M. Cunysface is any more fragile or any more peculiar than Car
    pentier's and that . but no. That is no way to understand
    it at all. We are rather inched to think this way Siki, a
    Black, will never be forgiven for having defeated Carpentier,a White, and if Carpentier bears no grudge, the chauvinism
    INDOCHINESE PROSPERITY
    of others does. And this charge is only a pretext..mo
    UNDER THE RULE OF M. LONG
    tivated by.
    We learn from the same newspapers that the British
    M. Albert Sarraut, our great Minister of Colonies,
    Home Ministry has banned the expected match between
    never misses an opportunity to go into raptures over the
    Joe Beckett and Siki in London. This does not surprise
    prosperity of Indo-China, of ' Indo-China, and over
    us. As His British Excellency could digest neither Kemal's
    the grandiose tasks that he and his have performed or are
    (10) croissant (20) nor Gandhis chocolate, he wants to
    performing there. To prove that he is telling the truth and
    have Battling Siki swallow his purge even though the latter
    nothing but the truth, we will put before him and our
    is a Frenchman. Understand
    friends the following passages, extracted from a letteraddressed to the newspaper Republique Francaise of
    December 6, I922, by Colonel Bernard who, set your
    Le Paria, Decen:ber 1, 1922
    mind at rest, Mr. Minister, is not a communist.
    f Indochinese exports, ' says the letter 'are stationaryor even in regression. In I9I4 Indo-China exported 45,000kilos of silk, 99, ooo tons of maize, 48o tons of tea. Lastyear, it exported only I5, ooo kilos of silk, 32, 000 tons of
    maize, and I56 tons of tea.
    It is also believed that the Indochinese governmentis at this moment actively carrying out the big projectswhich are indispensable for the improvement of the colony.
    But, since 1914 not a kilometre of railway has been builtnor a hectare of ricefield reclaimed. Ten years ago M. Sarrahad a programme of works approved which included

==========第19页==========
    construction of a railway from Vinh to Dong Ha and thebuilding of four big irrigation systems all these workshave been suspended for over five years on the pretext oflack of credits. But, during the same period, Indo-Chinadevoted 65 million piastres, 450 million francs, to the construction of roads and civil buildings. Let M. Faget meditateon such figures Nearly half a billion spent for the cons-
    of motor-roads along which not even a ton of goods
    THE COLONIAL ABYSS
    travels, for the building of houses and offices for thecountless officials who swarm in Indo-China with all theluxuriance of tropical vegetation, and, meanwhile, works
    france possesses a colonial empire of ten million
    acknowledged as indispensable and already approved by a
    square kilometres, inhabited by 56 million people of yellow
    vote of parliament have been abandoned.
    and black races. To turn all this to advantage, M. Albert
    And dont think that there is any intention of
    Sarraut, Minister of Colonies, wants to find three or fourthousand million francs. To this end, he hasorganized
    changing the methods in Indo-China. In order to completethe Ig12 programme, M. Long has already asked Parlia
    big press campaign and made countless speeches. The
    ment for authority to raise a loan. Today, he is still asking
    worthy Minister has also written a book of 656 pages
    or permission to contract an agreement on it. Those who
    (price 20 francs per volume). Pending the arrival of these
    now have charge of the development of Indo-China seem
    thousands of millions, we beg His Excellency to allow us
    determined to do nothing really usefulif they are not first
    to fill out his arguments a little
    allowed to contract debts. As for budgetary resources, and
    The budget for Cochin-China, for example, which
    reserves accumulated during the war and post-war period,
    amounted to 5,561, 68o piastres (or 12, 79I, ooo francs)
    they have grandly decided to play ducks and drakes with
    for I9II, rose to 7,321, 817 piastres (or 16, 840, ooo francs)
    hem. if Parliament does not take a hand.
    for I912. In I922, it went up to I2, 821, 325 piastres(or 96, 169, ooo francs). A simple subtraction shows usthat between IgII and I922 there was a difference of
    La Vie OuDridre, December 22, 1922
    83, 369, ooo francs(the rates for the piastre being 2.25 and
    7.50 francs) in the budget of this colony. Where did thatmoney go Simply on expenses for personnel which in
    effect swallowed Ioo per cent of total receipts.
    Other examples of mad extravagance combine to throwaway money that the poor Annamese have sweated for.
    37

==========第20页==========
    We do not yet know the exact figure in piastres spent for
    At the Colonial School, where future civilizers are
    the Emperor of Annam's trip to France, but we do know
    turned out, 4I professors of all types are maintained to
    that to await the day of good augury, the only one on which
    teach 30 or 35 students. Again several thousand francs.
    the Bamboo Dragon (21) could embark, the vessel Porthos
    The permanent survey of defence works for the
    was paid compensation for four days at the rate of Ioo,ooo
    colonies costs the budget 758, 168 francs annually.
    francs per day(400, ooo francs). So Travelling expenses
    Now, Messrs the Inspectors have never left Paris
    400, ooo francs, Reception expenses 240, ooo francs(not
    and do not know the colonies any better than they know
    including the pay of policemen charged with the extraordi
    the age-old moon.
    nary supervision of the Annamese in France); cost of
    If we go to other colonies, we everywhere find the
    lodging in Marseilles the Annamese militiamen for ' pre
    same corruption. For the reception of a semi-official'eco
    senting arms 'to His Excellency and His Majesty :77,60o
    nomic'mission, the budget of Martinique was relieved of
    francs
    40, ooo francs. Within a period of ten years the budget of
    As we are in Marseilles, let us avail ourselves of the
    orocco has gone up from 17 to 200 million francs,
    Mo
    opportunity to see what its Colonial Exhibition has cost us.
    although they have cut down by 33 per cent expenditures
    First of all, in addition to catering for highly-placed
    of local interest, that is to say, expenses likely to benefit
    metropolitan personnel, they sent for about thirty high
    the native
    There are millions and even thousands of millions
    functionaries from the colonies who, while taking their
    that could be found easily if they knew how to look for
    aperitifs somewhere along the Cannebiere, were paidexpenses both at the Exhibition and in the colonies. Indo
    them. But the Minister prefers to try to get them out of thenatives
    China alone had to pay 12 million for this Exhibition. Anddo you know how this money was spent Here is an
    A question
    example: the famous reproduction of the Angkor Watpalaces required 8, ooo cubic metres of timber at 4oo or 5oo
    Is it true that, through excess of the humanitarian
    francs a metre. Total I, 200, 000 to I, 500, ooo francs
    feelings so many times proclaimed by M. Albert Sarraut,
    Other examples of waste. To carry M. le Gouverneur
    in the jail at Nha Trang(central Viet Nam) detainees
    General, luxury automobiles and cars were not enough, there
    have been put on dry rations, that is to say that they are
    had to be a special railway carriage for him. The fitting
    deprived of water at their meals Is it true that the
    up of this carriage cost the Treasury I45, 250 francs.
    detainees have had their noses coated with tincture of iodineto be more easily recognized in case of escape
    In eleven months of activity, the Economic Agencyburdened the economy of Indo-China with a sum of
    /Huwwnitd, January 1, 123
    464,000 francs.
    3
    38

==========第21页==========
    came to work ' voluntarily'or to be killed in France, thatyour civilizers-with impunity -have robbed, swindledmurdered or burnt alive Annamese, Tunisians and
    Senegalese
    You write next that acts of injustice are more numerous in france than in the colonies. Then allow me to tellyou, M. Archimbaud, that one should not pretend to give
    OPEN LETTER TO M. LEON ARCHIMBAUD
    lessons in equality or justice to others when one is unableto apply them at home. This is the most elementary logic,
    Deputy for Drome
    isnt it
    Reporter on the Budget for the colonies
    Member of the Colonial High Council
    According to you, the doings of your colonial admi-nistrators are known, commented upon and controlled b
    Sir
    the Governments General and the Ministry of Colonies
    In your speech tothe Chamber of Deputies you said
    Hence it must be one of two things. Either you are hare
    that if you had wished to do so you could have denounced
    brained and have forgotten the Baudoins, the Darles, the
    colonial scandals, but you prefer to pass over in silence the
    Lucases and so many others making up the galaxy which is
    crimes and offences committed by your civilizers in the
    the honour and pride of your Colonial Administration, and
    colonies. This is your right and it concerns only you, your
    who, after having committed heinous crimes, receive as
    conscience and your electors. As for us who have suffered
    punishment, only promotions and decorations. Or else you
    and will continue to suffer every day from these' bless
    are treating your readers as complete fools.
    ings of colonialism, we do not need you to tell us about
    You state that if france has sinned in colonial matters
    them.
    it is rather from an excess of generous sentiment than
    But when, writing in"Le Rappel '(22) you say that
    anything else. Will you tell us, M. Archimbaud, whether
    the facts pointed out by citizen Bourneton (23)are false
    it is out of these generous sentiments that the natives are
    or exaggerated, you yourself 'exaggerate'I First the
    deprived of all rights to write, speak and travel, etc Is it
    Minister of Colonies himself was obliged to recognize that
    out of these same sentiments that the ignoble condition of
    a' contemptuous state of mind towards native life'exists
    native is imposed on them, that they are robbed of
    And that he denied no act of brutality'denounced by
    their land only to see it given to the conquerors, and forced
    Deputy Boisneuf. And then can you deny, M. Archimbaud
    thereafter to work as slaves? You yourselves have said
    that during the last few years, that is to say following the
    hat the Tahitian race has been decimated by alcoholism
    war for ' the rule of law, for which 800,000 natives
    and is disappearing. Is it also from an excess of generosity

==========第22页==========
    that you are doing all you can to intoxicate the Annamesewith your alcohol and stupefy them with your opium
    You speak finally of‘duty;,“ humanity’andcivilization'! What is this duty You showed what itis throughout your speech. It is markets, competition,interests, privileges. Trade and finance are things whichexpress your humanity, Taxes, forced labour, excessiveexploitation, that is the summing up of your civilization!
    While you are waiting to receiveone of the finest
    IUST AS IN THE MOTHER COUNTRY
    claims to glory that can be dreamt of, 'allow me to tellyou,M. Archimbaud, that if Victor Hugo had known that
    Tulle is so far the only town in the world which can
    you would write such s, tuff to-day in his newspaper, he
    lay claim to the honour of possessing sensational anonymous
    would never have founded it
    letters. Today, Cochin-China, out of a spirit of filial piety
    Respectfully yours
    and in the hope of proving its indefectible loyalty to the
    Nguyen Ai Quoc
    civilizing country, has also just had "its' affair of anonymous letters. But the colony has'aped,badly, becauseinstead of a charming Mademoiselle Laval, it is an old
    e Paria. January 15, 1923
    Annamese notable who has just been put in jail not forhaving abused anonymity but for having been accused byanonymous letters. Here is the substance of the affair
    One night in December I922, while the Annamesenotable (21) concerned was lost in his dreams, he suddenlyheard the sound of a rattle warning the inhabitants thatpirates(well, well where, then, was the security so muchboasted of by the officials ?)were operating on the bigriver, opposite Cho Lach. Our notable jumped out of hisbed, took hold of his rifle- this notable was also ruralconstable of a large domain -and immediately boarded hissampan together with two of his servants.
    Arriving on the spot, this brave notable and his menwere received with rifle fire from the pirates and one of themen received the bandits' volley right in his chest, and

==========第23页==========
    died a few seconds later. Our notable replied with a shotwhich missed its mark, but, in return, his enemies hit himin the right hand.
    On the mere accusation of an anonymous letter, thenotable in question was arrested on the charge of havingkilled his servant.
    Though the victims father and the other servant gaveevidence in favour of the accused, the latter is still in the
    MENAGERIE (25)
    shadow'waiting for the light of justice.
    We have racked our yellow brains in vain, yet we
    Le Paria, Februrary 1, 1923
    cannot succeed in discovering the reason which led themen and women of France to found the remarkable institution called the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to
    Animals. First, the reason escapes us because we see thatthere are still so many unfortunate human beings whoappeal without result for a little care. Then, because allthese animals do not deserve so much benevolence and arenot as unhappy as all that. Except for the black lion whois useful to people accustomed to wrapping their feet inanimal pelts, most of these creatures are wicked, verywicked indeed
    Does not the bulldog - with his ugly teeth -come totear away the entire structure of the Paris Conference ? (26)
    Which obliges the Flemish monkey and the Gallic cock toconfront the German eagle in the Ruhr (27)alone. Did notthe Tiger (28), while he was still chained, devour severalministries of the Republic Were not millions and billionsuselessly expended through the agency of our gloriousfriends Kolchak and Wrangel to buy the skin of the Muscovite bear who, today more than ever, has no mind to letpeople have it all their own way ?(Ah I What an animal I
    45

==========第24页==========
    Which of our friends in France has not cause to com-
    I- Indo-China
    13, 190, 846 francs
    lain of the yultures'(29) misdeeds Are not crows (30)
    2- French West Africa
    5,50,000
    disastrously destructive in the moral field And what do
    3- French Equatorial Africa
    348,750
    the chats-fourres '(31) do if not profit by dissensions
    4
    The Cameroons
    390,000
    and discords in society Is there not one animal which
    5-Madagascar
    I,837,600
    impudently permits that all disrespectful sons-in-law call
    6-Martinique
    Io8,300
    their mothers-in-law by its name Are there not expensive
    Guadeloupe
    55,000
    lovebirds which darken the conjugal bliss of many a
    8-Guiana
    62,50o
    family And are not cat-burglars the age-old enemies of
    9New Caledonia
    75,000
    those who move from home
    Io- New hebrides
    6o,000
    Without taking account of the fact that the stronger
    II- Oceania
    65,00
    wolf is always right and that black sheep are a plague to
    I2-French Settlements in India I35,000
    honest society, we.. but let us speak a little, before conclu
    I3- Somaliland
    97,000
    8
    ding, of colonial beasts.
    I4- Reunion
    I5- Saint-Pierre-ct-Miquelon
    14,0oo
    Just at the moment when M. Guinal is ready to pre
    to bring a few camels, cows and crocodiles (34)from the
    sent to the Academy of Sciences, through the medium of
    colonies to Marseilles. No effort it must be admitted, was
    M. Mangin a note relating to the utilization of shark skin
    spared by our civilizers to deck out a handful of native
    M. Albert Sarraut goes to the Isle of Dogs to deliver some
    sparrows- very obedient and very docile oes-
    of his ministerial speeches to the frozen cod of Saint-Pierre
    peacock feathers to turn them into parrots or watch-dogs
    et-Miquelon, and M. Citroen (32), for his part, launches
    A d if the African and Asian peoples are aware of this
    his civilizing caterpillar' across the Sahara. Both these
    peace and this prosperity, who then, are the busy
    missions-official and semi-official- will very probably
    beavers but those untiring disseminators of democracy
    obtain the happy result that people have a right to expect
    In short the lot of all these animals is relatively easy.
    from them, to whit, to know how to make a mouse bring
    If the members of the lofty S. P. C. A. had time to spare,
    forth a mountain and consolidate the position of the
    hey would perhaps do more useful work in taking care of
    colonial sharks
    the monkeys martyrized by Doctor Voronoff (35)and the
    It is generally believed that our protectors always
    poor native sheep which are forever being shorn
    carry out an ostrich policy. What a mistake, my friends
    Here is proof to the contrary on the mere invitation of
    Le /rle, Iehrmary I, 1923
    the sardine at the 'old port(33), the Colonial Government has not hesitated a moment to cause to be spent by

==========第25页==========
    battered his head and put out one of his eyes with the butt ofhis revolver. This brute was acquitted by French justice.
    In Dahomey, the taxes, already exorbitant for thenatives, have been increased. Young people are draggedfrom their homes and land to become defenders of civilization. The natives are forbidden to have weapons todefend themselves against wild beasts which devastate
    UPRISING AT DAHOMEY
    entire villages. Education and hygiene are wanting. On theother hand, no means are spared to submit the 'protected
    French capitalism, anxious at the awakening of the
    Dahomeans to the abominable native status, which is an
    working class in France, has tried to transplant its threaten
    Institution placing man on the level of the beasts and dis
    ed domination to the colonies. It draws from them both
    ho:ouring the so-called civilized world. The natives, at the
    raw materials for its workshops and human materials for its
    end of their tether, revolt. Then there is bloody repression
    counter-revolution. Bourgeois newspapers in Paris and in
    Harsh measures are taken. Troops, machine-guns, mortars
    the provinces regularly devote entire pages to articles on the
    and warships are sent to the place and martial law is
    colonies. Generals and members of Parliament are deliver
    declared. People are arrested and imprisoned en masse.
    ing speeches on the colonies all over the country. These
    There is the kindness of civilization
    virtuous hacks and braggarts cannot find words enough intheir vocabulary to extol the loyalty of the natives and the
    La Vie Ouvriere, March 30, 1923
    benefits of their civilization. Sometimes these gentlemenpush their impudence so far as to compare British colonialbrigandage with their own: they qualify British policy as af cruel method, or high-handed and maintain thatFrench practice is of the essence of justice and kindness
    a glance at our colonies is enough to appreciate howfine and gentle this civilization is.
    Recently, in Indo-China, a young French settler, afterhaving tied an Annamese spreadeagled with his face to theground, gave him one hundred and sixty strokes with acudgel. The victim, black and blue from head to foot, wasdetained all night. And the next day, the young civilizer
    48
    HICM-4
    43

==========第26页==========
    this outrage against prestige is called Doctor Holstarich. Letus record our sympathy for him
    But now let us take a look at what happened to the
    Annamese merchant
    His name was written down in the register of suspects,and filed together with the ' anti-French, amongst thoseon whom a close watch was to be kept. An army of French
    DESPOTISM IN INDO-CHINA
    and Annamese spies followed him closely with the missionof hourly noting his doings and investing all of them with
    PROTECTED AND PROTECTORS
    a sinister intent. This surveillance was carried out fairlyindiscreetly in order to discourage his friends and relatives
    The superintendent of police in Dalat(Annam) has
    from having dealings with him, to the point of making his
    a strange way of understanding his role as a civilizer. One
    life impossible. There was not a native who dared to come
    day this worthy collaborator of M. Sarraut wanted wooden
    and see him, whatever the reason might be.
    lanks. he sent out his men to fetch these materials at a
    Completely isolated from the rest of his fellow-crea
    native merchants. The latter did not wish to see his goods
    tures, the Annamese merchant had to choose betwee
    taken away without being paid beforehand. Hearing of this
    becoming a bandit or a beggar but the latter trade would
    the superintendent fumed and sent out armed men order
    have made him even more suspect.
    ing them to bring in the Annamese offender ' dead oralive’
    Le Paria, July 16, 1923
    To escape the anger of the representative of theprotector nation, the merchant, though ill, had to leavehis home and native soil, and seek refuge in anotherprovince,
    As a witness of the incident, a European doctorintervened in favour of the native. This scandalousinterference caused its author automatically to be transferred. It is in Kontum an unhealthy region muchfeared by Europeans
    that the doctor is now expiating
    his pro- native crime, while the Darleses and Baudoias baskpeacefully in honours and comfort. This criminal guilty of

==========第27页==========
    OPPRESSION HITS ALL RACES
    THE COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY ARMY
    Vorovsky (36), delegate of the workers'andpeasants'
    We are aware that colonial rivalry was one of the main
    Russia, was murdered in Switzerland by fascism. There was
    causes of the I914-I9I8 imperialist war.
    not one of the delegates of the very civilized and very
    Christian powers gathered at Lausanne who deigned to
    What all Frenchmen should realize, is that colonial
    attend his funeral. Only the Turkish delegation, headed by
    expeditions are largely responsible for aggravating the
    Ismet Pasha, came to pay tribute to the mortalremains of
    depopulation from which their country is now suffering. If
    the murdered man
    one looks at the statistics of military losses in killed and
    Ben radia, a worker of Tunisian origin, was murdered
    wounded sustained in the colonies, one is frightened by
    on May Day by the police. The Parisian workers'organi-zations gave him a big funeral. Thousands of workers
    the gap they have caused in an ever decreasing population
    stopped work on that day to follow their native comrade
    such as that of France. From January to June, I923, in
    Morocco alone, 840 soldiers were killed or wounded for the
    to his last resting place
    All the martyrs of the working class, those in Lausanne
    greater glory of Marshal Lyautey ! (37)
    like those in Paris, those in Le Havre like those in Marti
    What the French working class must realize, is that
    nique, are victims of the same murderer internationalcapitalism. And it is always in belief in the liberation of
    colonialism relies on the colonies to defeat all attempts at
    their oppressed brothers, without discrimination as to race
    emancipation on the part of the working class. No longer
    or country, that the souls of these martyrs will find supreme
    having absolute confidence in the white soldiers, who are
    consolation.
    more or less contaminated by the idea of classes, French
    After experiencing these painful lessons, the oppressed
    militarism uses African and Asian natives in their stead
    people of all countries ought to know on which side their
    Out of 159 regiments in the French Army, Io are composed
    true brothers are, and on which side their enemy.
    of colonial whites, i.e. semi-natives, 3o of Africans and39 of natives from other colonies, One half of the French
    arm
    le Pario. August 17, 1923
    ny is thus recruited in the colonies.

==========第28页==========
    Now, an Annamese soldier is in service for four yearsand an Algerian for three years. Thus, according to the rec-koning of French militarism, two native soldiers are worthalmost five French
    Moreover, being ignorant of the language and politicsof the country, thinking that all whites belong to the raceof his exploiters, and finally spurred on by his white superiors, the native soldier will march forward submissivelyand blindly, where the French soldier, more conscious
    IT IS NOT MILITARISM, BUT
    might refuse to go. Therein lies the danger.
    One wonders for what reason 3I of the native regi-
    In brilliant fashion, M. Clemenceau (9)has proved to
    ments will be stationed on French territory For what
    the world in general and to the Americans in particular
    purpose are they intended Are the French going to be
    that France is neither a militarist country nor an imperialist
    civilized by these natives The intention of French capi
    one so there However, M. Archimbaud has recently
    talism is thus clear It is up to the French workers to act.
    somewhat destroyed the charm of the Tiger's'speeches
    They should fraternize with the native soldiers. They
    in his report on the budget for the colonies, in which he
    should make them understand that the workers of the
    wrote
    mother country and the soldiers from the colonies are
    In I9I4, the occupation army numbered 1, 8 52 offi
    equally oppressed and exploited by the same masters, that
    cers,I7,2go warrant-officiers and European soldiers, and
    they are all brothers of the same class, and that when the
    42,099 natives, to which must be added, for Dahomey,
    hour of struggle strikes, they will have, one and the other,
    Guinea and the Ivory Coast, I, 979 men of the brigades
    to struggle against their common masters, and not between
    of native guards, who have at present been replaced by
    brothers
    regular troops. The total strength amounted to 63, 210 men
    Since the war, garrisons with a strength of I,7I2men have had to be established in the mandated territories
    La vie Ouvriere, September 7, 1923
    of Togoland and the Cameroons
    Besides, special formations have had to be createdespecially in French West Africa, for the recruitmentincorporation and instruction of native contingents whoserve in France or abroad. These formations have absorbeda, a37 men, including 27I European officers and warrant-officer
    54

==========第29页==========
    Lastly the number of natives serving in France orabroad, and supplied by the possessions attached to the
    Ministry of Colonies, amounts to 45, 000 men
    If we add that, for Indo-China alone, military expenditure was, in I92I, more than 35, 600, ooo francs, whilethe budget for Public Education did not reach 350,000piastres, and that for health services 65,ooo piastres, all
    d
    the beauty of the colonial regime of the accommodating and
    ENGLISH. COLONIZATION
    peaceful French Republic can be appreciated
    English capitalism, while coveting the immense wealth
    I'Humanite, September 28, 1923
    of China, has contented itself so far with colonizing Hong
    Kong and inside China practising the policy of the opendoor(39), a policy which has allowed it to exploit the countrywithout arousing the people. To-day it is no longer satisfiedwith this policy. It wants to go further: it wants to colonize the whole of China.
    Taking advantage of the Lingchen (40) incident and onthe pretext of ensuring the security of his compatriots, theBritish Ambassador in Peking has just carried out the firststage of this colonization. He has begun with the railways.
    Here are the proposals he has made to China:
    I-All lines built with British capital, or with materials bought from England and which are not yet entirelypaid for, will be put under British control
    2- The land situated along the lines in question willso be put under this contr
    3-Besides the railways policy, England will have theright to intervene in Chinas home affairs i
    4-In case of armed conflicts between Chinese political factions, the British will have the right to grant orrefuse the use of these lines to whichever faction it chooses;

==========第30页==========
    5- Priority of amortization of the loans advancedy the British in the use of the income derived from therailways
    Moreover, he demanded
    a)the setting up, within the Ministry of Communications in Peking, of an office of Railways Control, presidedover by a foreign official (read British official), having fullpowers over the working of all China's railways
    THE WORKERS, MOVEMENT IN TURKEY
    b)that the management of the railways also beentrusted to foreign representatives i
    c)the organization of a railway militia under the
    With a courage and spirit of sacrifice worthy of
    command of foreign officers
    admiration, the Turkish people have torn up the odious
    d)that the posts of book-keepers and railway mana
    Sevres treaty (1)and recovered their independence. They
    gers be filled by foreigners.
    have defeated the plotting of imperialism and overthrown
    The British have already taken in hand the salttax
    the throne of the Sultans. They have turned their exhausted
    and customs in China. Now they want to seize the railways
    torn and trampled nation into a united and strong republic.
    When one realizes that except for the lines in southern
    They have had their revolution. But like all bourgeois
    Manchuria, the Peking-Hankow and Lunghai lines, all
    revolutions, the Turkish revolution is profitable only to one
    others are built either with British capital or with mate
    class: the moneyed class.
    rials bought on credit from British firms, it can be seenwhat this plan, if realized, will cost China
    The Turkish proletariat, which greatly contributed to
    All the Chinese, without distinction as to political
    the struggle for national independence, is now obliged to
    trend, oppose this disguised colonization. The peking
    embark on another struggle the class struggle.
    Students' Union has launched an appeal to the working
    In this struggle, the Turkish working class is facing
    class of the world, asking it to use its influence to check this
    many obstacles. In Turkey, there are no trade unions such
    attempt against the independence of the Chinese people
    as those existing in the West. There are only corporations
    Let us hope that faced with this threat from British
    or friendly societies grouping workers of the same trade
    capitalism, the sons and daughters of China will unite in
    living in the same town. Workers of different trades living
    vIctorious resistance.
    n the same town or workers of the same trade living indifferent towns have no connection between them. This
    La ie Ouvriere, November 9, 1923
    prevents any ettective common action.

==========第31页==========
    Notwithstanding this state of affairs, the year that has
    the Land of the Crescent. The refusal of the government to
    just ended was disturbed many times by a ferment of the
    recognize the birlik is tantamount to a gracious smile
    workers. Several strikes were launched in Constantinople
    directed to the foreign capital in the country, three fifths of
    at the Golden Horn, at Aldine, etc. Printers, railwaymen,
    which is French
    coastal vessel workers and workmen in petroleum store
    But the Turkish proletariat has made its first step. Itill
    houses and breweries waged struggles. Ten thousand wor-
    go on
    kers participated in the movement. Following these experiences, the Turkish workers have realized that organization
    I'Humanite, January 1. 1924
    and discipline are necessary in order to triumph.
    The Constantinople Congress founds the Birlik
    Recently, a Workers'Congress was convened in Constantinople. Two hundred and fifty delegates were present.
    They represented I9,ooo Constantinople workers, I5,000
    Zonguldak coal miners and Io, ooo workers from the leadmines at balyakaraidin
    It was decided to unite the 34 existing dernek into alik, or federation. This bold decision frightened the
    Government, which refused to recognize the birlik. It is tobe noted that the Governments attitude toward workershas changed a great deal since the end of the war. The
    Government was always in favour of the workers when itwas a question of driving out foreigners, but when it is amatter of organizing workers, it shows itself to be as reac-tionary as all other capitalist governments. Its oppositiontherefore surprises nobody. Besides, everybody knows thatsince the Lausanne event, Turkish capitalism is flirtingwith foreign capital, which, after having caused the deathsof thousands of poor Greeks and Turks without succeedingin colonizing Turkey, is now penetrating peacefully into

==========第32页==========
    reducing the unit of measure. As a result, taxes are automatically increased by a third in some localities, by twothirds in others. Yet this is not sufficient to appease thevoracity of the protector State, which increases the taxesyear by year. Thus, from I8go to I896, taxes doubled
    They were further increased by a half from I896 to 1898,and so on. The Annamese continued to let themselves befleeced, and our protectors, encouraged by the success
    ANNAMESE PEASANT CONDITIONS
    of these operations, continued their spoliation.
    Often despotism was mixed with plunder. In 1895
    The Annamese in general are crushed by the blessings
    for example, the Administrator of a province in Tonking
    of French protection. The Annamese peasants especially
    stripped a village of several hectares to the advantage of
    are still more odiously crushed by this protection: as
    another village, the latter a Catholic one. The plundered
    Annamese they are oppressed as peasants they are robbed
    peasants lodged a complaint. They were jailed. Don't
    plundered, expropriated, and ruined. It is they who do all
    think that administrative cynicism stopped there. The
    the hard labour, all the corves. It is they who produce
    unfortunates who had been robbed were obliged to pay
    for the whole horde of
    loungers, civilizers and
    taxes until IgIo on lands which had been taken from them
    others. And it is they who live in poverty while their
    in 1895
    executioners live in plenty and die of starvation when
    On the heels of the thieving Administration came the
    their crops fail. This is due to the fact that they are robbed
    thieving settlers. Europeans who, for all idea of agricul-
    on all sides and in all ways by the Administration, by
    ture and farming skill possessed only a big belly and a
    modern feudalism, and by the Church. In former times
    white skin, were given concessions whose size often
    under the Annamese regime, lands were classified into
    surpassed 20, ooo hectares.
    several categories according to their capacity for produc
    Most of these concessions were founded on legalized
    tion. Taxes were based on this classification. Under the
    theft. During the course of the conquest, the Annamese
    present colonial regime, all this has changed. When money
    peasants, like the Alsatians in I870, had abandoned their
    is wanted, the French Administration simply has the
    lands to seek refuge in the still free part of the country.
    categories modified. With a stroke of their magic pen, they
    When they came back, their lands had been given away.
    have transformed poor land into fertile land, and the
    Entire villages were thus plundered, and the natives
    Annamese peasant is obliged to pay more in taxes on his
    reduced to tenants of the lords of a modern feudalism,
    fields than they can yield him
    who sometimes appropriated as much as go per cent of
    That is not all. Areas are artificially increased by
    the crops
    62
    3

==========第33页==========
    On the pretext of encouraging colonization, exemption
    obtain from them whatever it wanted. In this way, one
    from land taxes was made in favour of a great number o
    Governor General conceded to the Mission 7, ooo hectares
    these big landholders
    of river land belonging to natives who were thus at onestroke reduced to beggary.
    After securing the land at no cost whatsoever, thelandholders obtained manpower for nothing or next to
    From this brief survey, one can see that behind a
    nothing. The Administration supplied them with numbers
    mask of democracy, French imperialism has transplantedin Annam the whole cursed mediaeval regime, including
    of convicts who worked for nothing, or used its machineryto recruit workers for them who were paid starvation wages
    the salt tax; and that the Annamese peasant is crucified
    If the Annamese did not come in sufficient numbers or if
    on the bayonet of capitalist civilization and on the Cross
    they showed discontent, violence was then resorted to:
    of prostituted Christianity.
    landholders seized the mayors and notables of villages,cudgelled and tortured them until these unfortunates had
    La Vie Ouvriere, January 4, 1924
    signed a contract, pledging themselves to supply the required
    number of workers
    Besides this temporal power, there are spiritual'savours'who, while preaching the virtue of poverty to the
    Annamese, are no less zealous in seeking to enrich themselves through the sweat and blood of the natives. In
    Cochin-China alone, the Sainte Mission Apostolique'onits own possesses one fifth of the ricefields in the region
    Though not taught in the Bible, the method of obtainingthese lands was very simple usury and corruption. The
    Mission took advantage of the years when crops failed tolend money to peasants, obliging them to pawn their landsas a guarantee. The rate of interest being usurious, the
    Annamese could not pay off their debts at the due time ias a result, all pledged lands fell into the possession of the
    Mission. The more or less generous governors to whom themother country entrusted the destiny of Indo-China weregenerally dolts or blackguards. It was enough for the
    Mission to have in its hands certain secret, personal andcompromising papers to be able to frighten them and
    5

==========第34页==========
    other landlords' land thus he is proletarianized andbecomes exploited
    According to information given by the Ministry- of
    Agriculture, in I9I8, 43,935, 478 families were in thisunstable situation
    There are two systems of share-cropping fixed andconditional. With the first system the small landlord or
    CHINESE PEASANT CONDITIONS
    the poor peasant rents lands, paying a sum of money for afixed period. If it is a bumper crop the tenant-farmer gains
    China is an essentially agricultural country, 85 per
    no big profit, because the landlord has worked things out
    cent of its population being peasants. They can be divided
    well and never leases his land at a loss. On the other hand
    into four categories: big landlords, middle landlords, small
    if it is a bad crop the tenant farmer is completely ruined
    landlords, and poor peasants and agricultural workers
    whereas the landlord loses nothing
    In that country there are from 250 to 300 big land
    With conditional share-cropping the landlord takes
    lords possessing each more than I0, 000 mou (42) of land.
    from 35 to so per cent of each harvest.
    Most of them are big mandarins or nobles. About 30,000
    The Chinese agrarian system being one of parcelling,
    landlords each possess more than I, ooo mou, and 300,o0o
    almost all peasants, however poor they may have been,in
    more than Ioo mou.
    former times owned a small patch of land which allowedthem 'to procure incense sticks for the ancestral altar
    The social conditions of small landlords possessing
    However, at present many of them have absolutely nothing
    from Io to Ioo mou are rather complex and fluid. With the
    not even'a piece of ground in which to drive a nail. Their
    same quantity of land, a peasant can be either an exploiter,
    hands are their only wealth. To earn their bowl of rice,
    exploited or a‘ neuter’
    they hire themselves out as servants or as seasonal workers
    If his family is large enough to till the land on its
    Seasonal workers have neither fixed wages, nor regular
    own, the peasant is'neuter
    work. After the harvest is completed, they go into the town
    If his family is not large enough the peasant is obliged
    or go fishing. Adult servants earn between 25 and 4o dollars
    to lease the portion of land he cannot afford to work thus
    a year, besides being clothed and fed. Children employed
    he becomes an exploiter.
    as cowherds earn from three to five dollars a year.
    If his family is too large, in order to meet his needs,
    The invasion of foreign capitalists upsets the balance
    the peasant is obliged to rent, besides the land he owns,
    of prices between manufactured goods and products of the

==========第35页==========
    soil. The peasant must always sell his rice or potatoes at
    To remedy all this, our Chinese comrades must vigor
    a cheap price to pay for his implements which are now much
    ously wage an intensive campaign for the education of the
    more expensive than before. With the coming of capitalism,
    masses,so that they may become fullyy aware oftheir
    the landlords traditional and patriarchal spirit disappears
    strength and their rights, and thus be able to apply the
    and is replaced by a fierce craving for gain. Spurred by the
    slogan, ' Land to the tiller.
    example of his colleagues in the towns, the landlord tendsto grab more and more land. Many land exploitation companies are founded, covering immense domains and driving
    La ie Ouvriere, January 4, 1924
    out a multitude of small peasants. Companies such as the
    Fu Li Land Reclamation Co. Ltd own more than 300,ooomou of land
    Floods, typhoons, famine and civil wars are just somany causes of poverty for the peasant.
    The corrupted bureaucracy of officialdom is also partIresponsible. The government tried to improve agriculturey founding experimental stations. As soon as they were
    b
    created, these establishments became pickings for the mandarins, instead of being institutions serving the people
    Militarism is another scourge. All the Napoleons, bigand small, enrich themselves and enrich their partners andhangers-on with the sweat of the peasants who yearly payin taxes about 225, 000, ooo dollars. Taxes weigh moreheavily on the small peasants than on the rich ones becausethe latter are in general officials or friends of officials.
    Lastly, the primitive method of working and the backward education contribute further to aggravating the condi-tions of the toiling masses. In 19r8, more than I5,500,ooopeasants and workers deserted the countryside, by theirpresence swelling the ranks of those exploited in the towns,and the army of unemployed
    69

==========第36页==========
    At first they did not believe that anywhere on earthcould there exist such a man and such a programme. Butlater they heard, although vaguely, of the Coommunist
    Parties, of the organization called the Communist Inter-
    nationaI which is fighting for the exploited peoples, for all
    learned that Lenin was the leader of that organizatio be
    the exploited peoples including themselves. And
    y
    And this alone was enough to make these peoples
    LENIN AND THE COLONIAL PEOPLES
    though their cultural standard is low, they are grateful folkand of goodwill-whole-heartedly respect Lenin. They
    Lenin is dead ! This news struck the people like
    look upon Lenin as their liberator. 'Lenin is dead, so
    a bolt from the blue. It spread to every corner of the fertile
    what will happen to us Will there be other courageous
    plains of Africa and the green fields of Asia. It is true
    and generous people like Lenin who will not spare their
    that the black or yellow people do not yet know clearly who
    Lenin is or where Russia is. The imperialists have delibe-
    time and efforts in concerning themselves with our libera
    rately kept them in ignorance, Ignorance is one of the
    tion? This is what the oppressed colonial peoples are
    chief mainstays of capitalism. But all of them, from the
    wondering.
    Vietnamese peasants to the hunters in the Dahomey forests,
    As for us, we are deeply moved by this irretrievable
    have secretly learnt that in a faraway corner of the earth
    loss and share the common mourning of all the peoples with
    there is a nation that has succeeded in overthrowing its
    our brothers and sisters, But we believe that the Commu
    exploiters and is managing its own country with no need
    nist International and its branches, which include branches
    for masters and Governors General. They have also heard
    in colonial countries, will succeed in implementing the
    that that country is Russia, that there are courageous
    lessons and teachings the leader has left behind for us. To
    people there, and that the most courageous of them all was
    do what he advised us, is that not the best way to show
    Lenin. This alone was enough to fill them with deep admir-
    our love for him
    ation and warm feelings for that country and its leader.
    In his life-time he was our father, teacher, comrade
    But this was not all. They also learned that that great
    and adviser. Nowadays, he is the bright star showing us
    leader, after having liberated his own people, wanted to
    the way to the socialist revolution
    liberate other peoples too. He called upon the white peoples
    Eternal Lenin will live forever in our work
    to help the yellow and black peoples to free themselvesfrom the foreign aggressors' yoke, from all foreign aggressors, Governors General Residents, etc. And to reach that
    Pravda, January 27, 1924
    goal, he mapped out a definite programme

==========第37页==========
    strike. Those of the Senchu Co. obtained the same advantage as soon as the decision to strike was communicated tothe managing staff. Other firms resisted, alleging that, inspite of the accumulation of orders, they had not beenmaking big profits because of the increased price of rawmaterials and that, on the other hand, having insufficientraw cotton, they are in no way worried by the strike.
    WORKERS MOVEMENT IN THE FAR EAST
    In fact, they are seized with panic. They have hadthe town occupied by the local police, reinforced by othersfrom neighbouring towns. They have tried to weaken the
    Osaka is one of the big Japanese industrial centres
    movement by having the Secretary General of the Labour
    remainingundamaged Inthe last earthquake. The misfor
    Federation and a great number of militants and demonstra
    tune of other Japanese turned out to be the good fortune of
    tors arrested. The result of the bosses' attempts is nil
    the manufacturers of this town who are at present enjoying
    because the strike remains as energetically led as it was on
    an unprecedented prosperity. Despite the rapid increase in
    the first day and the workers are resolved to go on strug
    the cost of living which weighs heavily on the workers'
    gling till the end.
    meagre budget, wages have remained the same as before the
    Electricians and mechanics have gone on strike in soli
    catastrophe. Placed in this impossible situation and in face
    darity. The workers in State factories have promised to use
    of the employers'refusal to bring about the required im
    every means to support theirr comrades in struggle. Thus
    provements, the workers in the cotton mills have been on
    supported, the strikers are full of enthusiasm and have no
    strike since the end of November
    doubt of victory.
    The strike demands are
    In the struggle between capital and labour in the Far
    I-A 20 per cent increase in wages
    East, odd things occur which are impossible to understand
    2-A reduction in the price of food supplied by the
    in Western countries, but which are done most seriously
    mill
    out there. For instance, to hinder its workers from joining
    3-Improvement of the dining-halls and bath-rooms
    their comrades on strike, the Kishiwada Company simply
    4- Payment of so per cent of wages to workers
    had the exits bolted. The Knawada electrical engineering
    absent through sickness
    works, unable to come to an agreement with its personnel
    5-Reinstatement of workers recently dismissed.
    on the question of wages, decided on a lock-out. But before
    Recently, the workers of the Oriental Hemp and
    dismissing the workers, it paid them four whole days' wages
    Nagosi companies obtained an increase in wages through a
    and two days pay as compensation

==========第38页==========
    Anti- militarist strike
    With a view to breaking the organization that theworkers have just set up, the management of the Shuikaoshun mines(China) sent for General Chao's soldiers.Immediately on arrival, the latter began to occupy the workersclub. To protest against this action of the soldiery, threethousand miners spontaneously went on strike. Theysurrounded the soldiers and tried to disarm them. Thesoldiers shot at them, wounding many strikers. The thing
    INDO-CHINA AND THE PACIFIC
    went further than had been desired by the management,who then tried to preach law and order. But the miners
    The seat of the next world conflagrationFrance wants to improve its colonies-How
    answered that they would resume their work only when
    the French colonies are vegetating - The inten
    compensation had been granted to the victims, and their
    ified exploitation of the Annamese
    demands- made up of nine clauses- had been accepted.
    At first sight, it seems that the question of Indo-Chinaand the Pacific is of no concern to European workers. But
    La Vie Ouvriere, January 25, 1924
    it must be remembered that
    a-During the revolution, the Allies, not havingsucceeded in their attack on Russia from the West, tried toattack it from the East. And the Pacific powers, the United
    States and Japan, landed their troops in Vladivostock, whileFrance sent Indochinese regiments to Siberia to supportthe White
    b- At present, international capitalism draws all itsvital force from the colonial countries. It finds there rawmaterials for its factories, investments for its capital.markets for its products, cheap replenishments for itslabour army, and above all native soldiers for its counter-revolutionary army. One day, revolutionary Russia will haveto cope with this capitalism. It is thus necessary for the
    D
    Russian comrades to realize the full strength and all theimmediate and long- term manceuvres of their adversary.
    74

==========第39页==========
    c-Having become the centre of attraction for impe
    is that populous islands are being entirely depopulated,in
    rialist ambitions, the Pacific area and the neighbouring
    a short time, by alcohol and forced labour. Fifty years ago,
    colonies are likely in the future to become the seat of a
    the Marquesas had more than 20, ooo souls, but now have
    new world conflagration, whose proletariat will have to
    only I, 5oo weak and debilitated inhabitants. Tahiti had its
    bear the burden
    population reduced by 25 per cent in ten years. From these
    These statements of fact prove that the Pacific problem
    declining populations, French imperialism has further taken
    will concern all proletarians in general
    more than I, 5o0 men to serve as cannon-fodder during the
    Therefore, to reconstruct France ruined by an impe
    war. This rapid extinction of a race seems unbelievable
    rialist war, the Minister of French Colonies has worked out
    However, it is a fact to be observed in many colonies.(In
    a plan for developing the colonies. This plan aims to
    the regions of the Congo, populations of 40, ooo inhabitants
    exploit the resources of colonized countries for the benefit
    fell to 30, ooo in the space of twenty years. Saint Pierre-et-
    of the colonizing country. This plan states that Indo-China
    Miquelon Island had 6, 500 inhabitants in Igo2; in I922
    must help the other colonies in the Pacific to intensify
    this colony had only 3, goo, etc.
    their production so that in their turn, they too can be
    Most islands in the French Pacific have been yielded
    useful to the mother country. If the plan were carried out
    to concessionary companies which rob the natives of their
    it would necessarily lead to the depopulation and impo
    land and make them work as slaves. Here is an example
    perishment of Indo-China
    showing how the native workers are treated. Two hundred
    Lately, however, the Government Council of Indo
    mother-of-pearl divers were sent by force by the French
    China, despite the resistance of Annamese opinion, unani
    Company of Oceania to plantations 8oo miles from their
    mously voted for the carrying out of the plan. To under
    native districts.(It is as if tailors were sent to work in
    stand the importance of this unanimity, it is useful to
    mines). They were penned up in a small schooner fitted
    know that this Council is composed of the Governor
    up for ten passengers and lacking any life-saving equip
    General of Indo-China, the General Commander-in-Chief
    ment, and embarked without being allowed to see their
    of the troops in Indo-China and about thirty high ranking
    wives and children. For two years, these unfortunate
    French civil servants, as well as five native mandarins
    toilers were kept prisoner in the companys gaol. Many
    tools of the Governor. And all these gentlemen pretend to
    were harshly treated. Others died
    act for Indo-China and in the interests of the Annamese
    Add to this inhuman exploitation, the immorality of
    people. Imagine Eskimos or Zulus deciding the fate of a
    the rascals to whom French imperialism entrusts the
    European people.
    administration of these islands, and you will see in all its
    According to an official avowal, the colonies in the
    beauty the regime of exploitation and oppression which is
    Pacific are afflicted with debility, and are living - if we
    leading the colonized countries in the Pacific to death and
    can call it living -at a slower and slower rate. The truth
    extinction.
    76

==========第40页==========
    Imperialism has now reached a degree of almost
    francs, a sum which is almost entirely used to fatten spon
    scientific perfection. It uses white proletarians to conquer
    gers. Moreover, Indo-China is responsible for big military
    the proletarians of the colonies. Then it hurls the proleta
    expenses, elegantly called a' filial contribution, by the
    rians of one colony against those of another. Finally it
    Minister of Colonies
    relies on the proletarians of the colonies to rule white
    It is from this oppressed, weakened and emaciated
    proletarians. Senegalese had the sad distinction of having
    country that millions of piastres and several thousand men
    helped French militarism to massacre their brothers of the
    (40,000 to begin with)are further going to be wrung to
    /. Congo, the Sudan, Dahomey and Madagascar. Algerians
    satisfy the insatiable appetites of the concessionaries and
    fought in Indo-China, Annamese were garrisoned in Africa
    the personal ambitions of a gang of unscrupulous
    And so on. During the great slaughter, more than one
    politicians.
    million colonial peasants and workers were brought to
    It is not enough to demoralize the whole Annamese
    Europe to massacre white peasants and workers. Only
    race with alcohol and opium. It is not enough to take
    recently, French soldiers in the Ruhr were surrounded by
    40,000 volunteers yearly for the glory of militarism. It
    native soldiers, and native light infantry were sent against
    is not enough to have turned a people of 20 million souls
    German strikers, Almost half of the French army is com
    into one big sponge to be squeezed by money-grubbers.
    posed of natives, to the number of about 300, ooo.
    We are, on top of all this, to be endowed with slavery.
    Beyond this military usefulness, capitalism uses these
    It is not only the fate of the proletariat in Indo-China
    colonies for the most skilful economic exploitation. It is
    and the Pacific area, but also that of the international
    often noticed that a decrease in wages in some regions in
    proletariat, which is threatened by these imperialist actions.
    france and in some trades, is always preceded by an
    Japan commands the telegraphic stations on Yap Island
    increase in the proportion of colonial labour. The natives
    The United States is spending millions of dollars on
    are employed as strike-breakers. Capitalism now uses one
    improving the turret-guns of its warships in the Pacific.
    colony as a tool for exploiting another this is the case of
    England will turn Singapore into a naval base. France
    Indo-China and the Pacific area. Indo-China, despite the
    finds it necessary to build a Pacific Empire.
    noisy untruths of the officials, is exhausted. During I914
    Since the Washington Conference (43), colonial rival-
    I918, almost Ioo, ooo Annamese(official number 97,903
    ries have become sharper and sharper, imperialist follies
    men)were dragged from their homes to be sent to Europe.
    greater and greater, and political conflicts more and more
    Although deprived of so many hands for production, Indo-
    unavoidable. Wars have been launched over India, Africa
    China was obliged to send, for the defence of its oppressors,
    and Morocco. Other wars may break out over the Pacific
    more than 500, ooo tons of edible grains. Hundreds of
    area if the proletariat is not watchful
    millions of francs were raked off in 'victory loans.Eachyear, the Annamese sweat blood to yield up about 450,ooo
    La Correspondance Internationale, No 18, 19.4
    79

==========第41页==========
    victorious revolution. One of its first important acts wasthe founding of the University of the East
    Today, this university has I, 022 students, including
    I5I girls and 895 communists. Their social composition isas follows 547 peasants, 265 workers and 210 proletarianintellectuals
    If account is taken of the fact that Eastern countries
    THE U. SS R. AND THE COLONIAL PEOPLES
    are almost exclusively agricultural, the high percentage ofstudents of peasant origin can readily be understood. In
    Colonialism is a leech with two suckers one of which
    India, Japan, and especially in China, it is the intellectuals
    sucks the metropolitan proletariat and the other that of the
    faithful to the working class who lead the latter in struggle i
    colonies. If we want to kill this monster, we must cut off
    this explains the relatively large number of intellectuals
    both suckers at the same time. If only one is cut off, the
    among the students at the University. The relatively lownumber of worker students is due to the fact that industry
    other will continue to suck the blood of the proletariat,the animal will continue to live and the cut-off sucker will
    and commerce in Eastern countries naturally excepting
    are still undeveloped. Moreover, the presence of
    grow again. The Russian revolution has grasped this truthclearly. That is why it is not satisfied with making fine
    75 pupils from the age of ten to 16 years must be noted.
    platonic speeches and drafting 'humanitarian'resolutions
    One hundred and fifty professors are responsible for
    in favour of oppressed peoples, but it teaches them to
    giving courses in social science, mathematics, historical
    gle; and helps them spiritually, as proclaimed by
    materialism, the history of the workers'movement, natura
    Lenin in his theses on the colonial question. To the Baku
    science, the history of revolutions, political economy, etc.
    Congress(44), 2I Eastern nations sent delegates. Represen-
    Young people of 62 nationalities are fraternally united in
    the class-rooms
    tatives of Western workers'parties also participated in thework of this congress. For the first time the proletariat of
    The University has ten large buildings. It also has a
    the conquering Western States and that of the subject
    cinema which is put at the students' disposal free on
    Thursdays and Sundays; the other days of the week, it
    Eastern countries fraternally joined hands and deliberatedin common on the best means to defeat their common
    operates on behalf of other organizations. Two librariescontaining about 47,ooo books help the young revolution
    enemy imperialism
    aries to make thorough studies and to train their minds
    Following this historic congress, despite internal and
    Each nationality orgroup has its own library composed
    external difficulties, revolutionary Russia has never hesitated
    of books and publications in the mother tongue. The
    to come to the help of peoples awakened by its heroic and
    reading-room, artistically decorated by the students, has a
    (M=0
    81

==========第42页==========
    wealth of newspapers and periodicals. The students them-
    gularly and in turn work in the kitchen, the library, the
    reg
    selves publish a newspaper, the sole copy of which is posted
    club, etc. All'misdemeanours'and disputes are judged
    on a big board by the door of the reading-room. Students
    and settled by an elected tribunal in the presence of all
    who are ill are admitted to the University hospital. There
    comrades. Once a week, the Commune'holds a meeting
    is a sanatorium in the Crimea for the benefit of students
    to discuss the international political and economic situation
    who need rest. The Soviets have allotted to the University
    From time to time, meetings and evening parties are
    two camps composed of nine buildings each for holidays.
    organized where the amateur artists introduce the art and
    Each camp has a centre where the students can learn cattle
    culture of their country.
    breeding.'We already have 3o cows and 5o pigs, said
    The fact that the communists not only treat the"infe
    the agrarian secretary' of the University with pride. The
    rior natives of the colonies ' like brothers, but that they get
    Ioo hectares of land allotted to these camps are cultivated
    them to participate in the political life of the country, is
    by the students themselves. During their holidays and
    highly characteristic of the barbarity'of the Bolsheviks
    outside working hours, they help the peasants in their
    Treated in their native country as'submissive subjects'or
    labour. One of these camps was, by the way, formerly the
    proteges,, having no other right but that to pay taxes, the
    property of a Grand Duke. It is a memorable sight to see
    Eastern students, who are neither electors nor eligible for
    from the top of the tower, adorned with a grand ducal
    election in their own country, from whom the right even to
    crown, the red flag fluttering, and in 'His Excellency's
    express their political opinion is withdrawn, in the Soviet
    entertainment room, the young Korean and Armenian
    Union take part in the election of the Soviets and have the
    peasants thoroughly enjoying their games
    right to send their representatives to the Soviets. Let our
    The students of the University are fed, clothed and
    brothers of the colonies who vainly seek a change of na-
    lodged free. Each of them receives six gold roubles per
    tionality make a comparison between bourgeois democracy
    month as pocket-money.
    and proletarian democracy.
    To instil into the students a true idea of childrens
    These students have suffered themselves and have
    educationthe University has a model creche and a day-
    witnessed the sufferings of others. All have lived under the
    nursery looking after 6o small children.
    yoke of ' high civilization,, all have been victims of ex-
    The yearly expenses of the University amount to
    ploitation and oppression by foreign capitalists. Moreover,
    561, ooo gold roubles.
    they passionately long to acquire knowledge and to study.
    The 62 nationalities represented at the University form
    They are serious and full of enthusiasm. They are entirely
    a Commune. Its chairman and functionaries are elected
    different from the frequenters of the boulevards of the Latin
    every three months by all the students.
    Quarter (45), the Eastern students in Paris, Oxford and
    A student delegate takes part in the economic and
    Berlin. It can be said without exaggeration that under the
    administrative management of the University. All must
    roof of this University is the future of the colonial peoples

==========第43页==========
    The colonial countries of the Near and Far East,stretching from Syria to Korea, cover an extent of morethan I5 million square kilometres and have more than1, 200 million inhabitants. All these immense countries arenow under the yoke of capitalism and imperialism. Althoughtheir considerable numbers should be their strength, thesesubmissive peoples have never yet made any serious attemptsto free themselves from this yoke. Not yet having realizedthe value of international solidarity, they have not known
    WHAT FRENCH IMPERIALISM IS CAPABLE OF
    how to unite for the struggle. Relationships between theircountries are not yet established as they are among the
    Some Hindus, whose only crime was to have struggled
    peoples of Europe and America. They possess gigantic
    for the independence of their country, were pursued by His
    strength and do not yet realize it. The University of the
    Britannic Majesty's police. Some took refuge in the French
    East assembling all the young, active and intelligent leaders
    possessions in India(46). They were counting on the right
    of the colonized countries, has fulfilled a great task, namely
    of asylum. The French colonial authorities have just
    a- It teaches to the future vanguard militants the
    expelled them.
    principles of class struggle, confused in their minds by race
    It is not the first time that French imperialism has
    conflicts and patriarchal customs
    een the accomplice of other imperialists, and has com-
    b-It establishes between the proletarian vanguard
    mitted infamies of this kind. During the war, while the
    of the colonies a close contact with the Western proletariat,thus preparing the way for the close and effective co
    Blacks of Africa were being massacred on French soil to
    operation which will alone ensure the final victory of the
    defend‘ Civilization’,‘ Humanity;,etc, france was inleague with Italy to forbid the Tripolitanians, pursued by
    international working class i
    c- It teaches the colonized people, hitherto separated
    Italian bandits, from seeking refuge on Tunisian territory.
    from one another, to know one another and to unite, by
    And here is what happened
    y
    creating the bases of a future union of Eastern countries
    A thousand Tripolitanians, old men, young men,
    one of the wings of the proletarian revolution
    women and children, pushing before them their poor herds
    d-It sets the proletariat of colonialist countries an
    of cattle, came one fine day during the war to use their
    example of what they can and must do in favour of their
    right to seek refuge in Tunisia. At the border, French
    oppressed brothers.
    troops, with the help of machine-guns, barred the way tothem. The fugitives were faced with this horrible alternative: either to be massacred by the French or to draw back
    La Correspondance internationale
    to the Sahara to die of hunger and thirst. They adopted a
    German edition- No 46, 1924

==========第44页==========
    third solution. All of them lay down upon the sand anddied slowly on the spot, under the eyes of 'our ' frontierguards.
    Here is what Mme. Claire Geniaux wrote about thistragedy in the newspaper P Universel:
    Through telescopes, our officers day after dayfollowed the phases of the slow death of these simple souls,to whom the Latin nations had come to bring the blessings
    THE FAILURE OF FRENCH COLONIZATION
    of civilization. The babies died first at their mothersexhausted breasts. The women were not much longer in
    The last reshuffling of Poincare's(47)ministry did not
    succumbing In their turn the old men, already reduced to
    fail to have repercussions in the colonies. France always
    a painful thinness, were covered by the sand, and soon the
    pretends that it is the first colonial power that has known
    younger men themselves gave no more sign of life. When all
    how to colonize. M. Albert Sarraut too, has always boasted
    these rebels were believed to be dead, Doctors Natal
    that he is the first Frenchman to know how to develop the
    and Conseil noticed some little girls who seemed still to
    colonies. For this development, he demanded 4,o00 million
    be moving beside their parents'rigid corpses. In the night,
    francs. To find this sum, he wrote a book of 656 pages.
    they went up to them and observed that the hearts of these
    Now, this great minister has just been expelled from his
    charming brightly clad little creatures who, during the first
    Party for having voted for his boss Poincare, And the
    days had frolicked about like baby goats, were still beating,
    ungrateful Poincare, in his turn, has just thrown the great
    if very feebly. Having hidden them in their ambulance
    minister out. Thus the latter has been ousted from his
    they were happy to be able to revive them. Moved by
    post, without having his millions or his colonies developed
    their suffering, their grace and their charm, these doctors
    He has been replaced by a soldier, I beg your pardon, an
    kept them as servants, the only survivors of a tribe of a
    f unknown colonel,(48). This expulsion shows us, once
    thousand Tripolitanians.
    again,that colonization has gone bankrupt.
    This heart-breaking testimony does not come from a
    While waiting for something better, the French tax
    revolutionary woman
    payer pays, every year, more than 237 million francs(I923budget) for his Ministry of Colonies, and more than
    French imperialism does not hesitate to commit the
    I, I72, 186,ooo francs for the colonial troops and expendi
    most abominable crimes
    ture in Morocco, that is to say I, 409, 186, ooo francs.
    Each Frenchman rich or poor, old man or infant,
    La Correspondance Internationale, No. 20, 1924
    man or woman- is thus obliged to pay into the"civilizing mission' fund more than 36 francs a year. And for
    86

==========第45页==========
    whose benefit It is not for his owa, that is to say, the
    3, 617 tons of cotton
    taxpayers. And still less for that of France. We shall
    30, 76o quintals of pepper
    explain this a little further on
    21,492 quintals of beans
    In I922, for example, the general trade of the French
    6oo tons of hides
    colonies amounted to 4,358, 105,ooo francs(2, 104, 458 for
    12,798 quintals of rattan
    imports and 2, 253, 647, o0o for exports). Out of this sum,
    I2, 3I9 quintals of lac
    the traffic between France and its colonies amounted to
    8, 499 quintals of coffee
    only I, 585 million francs, while that between the colonies
    6, 084 quintals of tea
    and foreign countries amounted to 2, 773, 105, o0o francs.
    480, 883 kilos of cinnamon
    Concerning Indo-China, the figure is still more elo
    II7, 24I kilos of oil of Chinese anise (50)
    quent. Of the 5,484 ships registered in Indochinese ports
    17, 94 kilos of silk
    and which carried 7, I52, 910 tons of goods, there were only
    Well, do you know what is the natives share in this
    779 French ships carrying I, 464, 852 tons, compared with
    gigantic trade in the product of his land and his labour
    789 English vessels carrying I, 575,079 tons.
    going on under his nose He had all told 542 sailing boats
    Out of 807, 729, 362 francs worth of imports in I921
    displacing 12, 23I tons According to this outline, we can
    france had only 247, 602, 029 francs.
    conclude that French colonization is only practised in
    France and its colonies had only 169, 187, 125 francs
    favour of a gang of adventurers, dishonest and ineffectual
    out of an export figure of I, 284, 003, 885 francs.
    politicians of the mother country, alcohol and opium
    Is this to the natives advantage You will see.
    racketeers, unscrupulous profiteers, and dubious financiers
    In 1923, Indo-China exported
    The proof Here it is: the Bank of Indo-China had aturnover of only 24 million francs in 1876, but I45 in
    1, 439, 955 tons of rice
    1885, 222 in I895, 906 in I9o5, 2, 005 in 19I7, 6, 718
    622, 035 tons of
    I92
    65, 413 tons of cement
    And its profits have increased from 126, ooo francs in
    61, 917 tons of maize
    I876 to 22, 854,ooo francs in I921
    312,467 quintals of fish
    Who gets them
    27, 6go tons of zinc
    I9,56head of cattle7,927 tons of sugar
    La Correspondance Internationale, No 26 1924
    6, 86o tons of copra(49)46, 229 tons of rubber7, 158 tons of dyestuffs
    88

==========第46页==========
    the administrative service of Indo-China raises a.sub-scription. Here is what happens: On the basis of thedensity of population and the tax-rolls in the province, the
    Administrator determines the amount needed for the festival, multiplies it by three, four or five, fixes the date ofpayment, summons the notables of the village, and says' I'm in need of money. Here is the sum I want, and thedate of payment assigned. Do what you can. If not.'"
    THE GLORIES OF FRENCH CIVILIZATION
    In order not to be jailed, the notables' do their best.
    The multiplicand of the compulsory subscription in used to
    When the representation of colonial people in the
    pay homage to great men, while the product of the
    French Parliament was being mooted, M. Paul Tapponnier
    multiplication is pocketed by M. Administrator. The
    said in the Chamber of Deputies, " France is generous and
    easants suffer for these additional taxes so often levied on
    her kindness is felt at all times. There is nothing to com
    them.
    pare with French civilization. We sincerely thank this
    Generosity: The slogan ' Germany shall pay has
    deputy for having given us the opportunity of citing, apart
    been succeeded by The colonies shall pay. The mother
    from her obstinacy in persisting in civilizing the natives
    country asks the colonies to devote all their forces, all their
    with guns and bayonets, some of Frances imperishable
    abilities, all their will, all their resources to help her restore
    virtues
    her economy while she has just banned the export of
    Politeness Colonial custom has it that every native,
    Alsatian potash to the colonies, keeping this product
    regardless of rank, age and sex, must humbly bow to a
    strictly for French agriculture.
    European. In Indo-China, Madagascar and other colonies,
    equality: French citizens serve eighteen months
    the native people are manhandled, beaten and jailed for
    in the army while colonial people are compelled to serve
    having overlooked this mark of respect due to the prestige
    three or four years with the flag under whose folds spirits,
    of the civilizers. Only recently an administrator at Medjana
    opium, corvee, porterage, native status and spoliation are
    (Algeria)had some local natives arrested who, absorbed in
    introduced into their countries. While the natives are
    their work, did not notice the august stroller and failed to
    exiled, deported and jailed on flimsy pretexts, planters and
    bow to him.
    administrators accused of assassination, bribery, dereliction
    Liberality: In Indo-China, on the occasion of a visit
    of duty and theft enjoy a brilliant career. I will not speak
    by a Joffre (51), or Clemenceau's birthday, or the inaugural
    of Darles, State Councillor of Cochin-China, or Baudoin
    tion of a monument in honour of The Dead for the
    Governor General of Indo-China i their stories are already
    Fatherland,, or the reception of an envoyof the Republic,
    two or three years old. I only wish to mention the two
    0

==========第47页==========
    officials in Algeria who, publicly accused last April of
    Because our goal is obviously not to killas many
    committing forgery, of embezzlement of public funds and
    dissidents as possible, but to bring them quickly to sub
    other crimes, were acquitted. I would also like to speak
    mission
    of the European councillors in the same colony who were
    It is owing to this great concern that, since Gig, that
    not unduly worried while notoriously recognized as authors
    is following the victory of‘law'and‘ Justice’ in the
    or accomplices in the assassination of a native
    world, 8oo French soldiers and 5, 000 Moors have been
    Freedom: Work is Freedom'says a Gallic proverb.
    killed in Morocco, on the occasion of the annexation to
    That is why the natives are compelled to do forced labour.
    france of 72, 7oo hectares of land from the Moroccans
    Recently, the French Senate highly praised the statement
    to"France ten million square kilometres in area and one
    made by the Governor General of A.O.F.(French East
    hundred million people strong
    Africa)in which it was said that "one must beware ofdreams as much as of formulae: cotton production is a
    La Correspondance internationale No 32, 1924
    government concern, and, to this end, the natives must becompelled to grow cotton. By this means, France canreceive from her colonies Ioo, ooo tons of cotton per year.
    This method was applied in French East Africa for cocoa
    It was applied in I916 on the Ivory Coast for the supplyof 6oo tons of cotton
    With all this, France, of course, remains the liberatorof mankind and the champion of the abolition of slavery.
    humanitarianism: ' France is the protectress of theweak and educator of the backward, said M. Boisneuf, a
    Negro deputy. France is the champion of civilia
    and
    bearer of freedoms,, said Michelet (52).Her colonialpolicy is based on humanitarianism and altruism,,said
    Sarraut, past and future satrap of Indo-China. The Revuede l' Aeronautique Militaire Air Force Review )hasjust told us once again how humanitarianism is understoodin the colonies. Marshal Lyautey, Resident-General in
    Morocco, Commander-in-Chief of T.O. M. (Overseastroops),ordered the use of poison gas and tear-gas projectiles, because.. but let the review speak for itself12

==========第48页==========
    the closure of all theatres for three days. The flags ofoffice buildings were at half-mast. Cultural, political andeconomic bodies in Peking and in thee provinces, especiallstudents'associations and workers' organizations, commemorated the great revolutionary with dignity. On thisoccasion, they unanimously passed a resolution in favour ofthe immediate recognition of the Soviet government. Thetudents decided to erect a statue of Lenin in the biggest
    LENIN AND THE PEOPLES OF THE EAST
    public park in Peking.
    The Chinese government sent cables of sympathy.
    If in the eyes of the proletarians of the West, Lenin
    Lenin is also mourned by women. In China as in
    is a chief, a leader, a master to the peoples of the East
    Eastern countries, the women are very little informed of
    he is still greater and more noble, if I may venture to say
    world events, to which they are almost indifferent. However,
    SO.
    they wore mourning for Lenins death. Thus, the demons
    It is not only his genius, but his disdain of luxury, his
    trations by Chinese women in this sorrowful circumstance
    love of labour, the purity of his private life, his simplicity,
    have an historic significance. On the one hand, they testify
    in a word, it is the grandeur and beauty of this master
    to the fact that the women of the East are awakening ; on
    which exert an enormous influcace upon the Asian peoples
    the other, they show that the great master is understood
    and irresistibly draw their hearts towards him.
    and loved by everyone, from the commonest to the most
    Accustomed to being treated as backward and inferior
    advanced people. As proof of this, here is a translation of
    people, they consider Lenin as the embodiment of universal
    an appeal made by a girl student, carried by the Shanghai
    brotherhood. Not only are they grateful to him, but they
    Women,'s Magazine:
    love him tenderly. To him, they show a veneration which
    4 Sisters,
    is almost filial devotion. One had to see the students of the
    Ever since capitalism has existed, the whole social
    University of the East, eyes red with weeping, the young
    structure has been subject to its disastrous influence
    folk there who sobbed bitterly at the news of Lenin's death
    Things which should belong to all, because produced by
    to understand their love to wards him
    all, become the privilege of a few. Economic oppression
    His death was a universal mourning. The Kuomintang
    enslaves men i it transforms women into chattels subject
    (the people's party in power in South China) was in session
    to the mercy of men
    when it heard the news. All delegates stood up spontane
    For centuries, how many millions of people have
    ously and the sessio was closed i: sign of mourning. On
    been tied down in this way How many millions of women
    Sun Yat-sens suggestion, the Canton government ordered
    have been sacrificed When World War was raging, when

==========第49页==========
    millions of innocent people who longed for life were sentto die, Lenin stirred up the Russian proletariat and organized the Soviets in spite of the hardship and difficultiesencountered
    Not only has he freed the men and women of hiscountry, but he has shown the way to all disinheritedpeople in the world. Notwithstanding the Whites'attacksfrom within and the blockade by capitalism from without,
    BOLSHEVIST. BARBARITY
    with his strong will, Lenin saved his compatriots fromutter poverty and suffering, and showed the banner of the
    The Soviets have put into effect the following
    International'to all oppressed people.
    programme
    Does not all this merit that we should bow down to
    A- Free and compulsory education, general and
    his great memory i
    polytechnical, for children of both sexes, up to I7 years
    Must not the twe ty-first of January remin forever
    of age specialized and vocational education from this age
    a day of mourning for all toiling people
    B- Food, clothes, shoes and standard goods to be at
    " Russia is advancing towards prosperity. However,
    the charge of the State.
    there is still a long road to travel and much work to do to
    C- Founding of a network of pre-school establish
    reach a genuine peace. Mankind is awakening, but it must
    ments, creches, kindergartens, homes, etc, aimed at impro-
    struggle further to complete its emancipation. And now,
    ving social education, and freeing women.
    our master has suddenly been taken from us without being
    D- Active participation of the working people in
    able to see the completion of his work
    public education, development of ' Councils of Public
    Can people of good heart refrain from weeping
    Education,, putting at the State's disposal all citizens
    Must not oppressed men and women take up the burden
    having a primary education, etc.
    he has left behind and march forward Forward
    E- In higher education, granting of scholarships and
    Dear sisters,
    various privileges to poor students, and chiefly to workers
    "Let us commemorate with dignity the memory of the
    and peasants, so that they may have material means to goeven to higher schools.
    man who, all his life, fought against the poverty andoppression of mankind, and who until the day of his death
    French. ' civilization
    struggled for the people of the world
    To spread the beneficent light of high civilizationover the countries submitted to its motherly protection,
    Le Paria. Iuly 22, 1924
    HCM7
    96

==========第50页==========
    france has provided 8,oo7 schools for 4o million 'overseas French. I am not exaggerating. Here are the officialstatistics
    olonies
    Population Schools Pupils
    French West Africa
    I2,000,000 290 I2,000
    French Equatorial Africa 5,000, 000 I00 42
    Indo-China
    r9,0oo,0oo2,965148,000
    LYNCHING
    Madagascar
    3,000ooo78978,000
    Somaliland
    64,o
    250
    A little known aspect of American civilization
    Reunion Island
    I72,00oI24I7,0oo
    French India
    270,00052
    9,00o
    It is well known that the black race is the most
    West Indies
    500,000I948,500
    oppressed and most exploited of the human family. It is
    Guiana
    54,00o23
    2,000
    well known that the spread of capitalism and the discovery
    New Caledonia
    47,00018
    6o0
    of the New World had as an immediate result the rebirth
    In Guadeloupe, Io, ooo children have no schools. In
    of slavery which was, for centuries, a scourge for the
    French Algeria, in 94 years, only 35,000 pupils out of
    Negroes and a bitter disgrace for mankind. What everyone
    a population of 5,ooo, ooo have been able to receive an
    does not perhaps know, is that after 65 years of so-called
    education by driblets, whilst 695,ooo little natives are
    emancipation, American Negroes still endure atrocious
    condemned to ignorance. In Cambodia: 6o schools for
    moral and material sufferings, of which the most cruel and
    2, 000,000 inhabitants I In Cochin-China(French for more
    horrible is the custom of lynching.
    than half a century): 51, ooo pupils out of a population of3, 500, ooo souls
    The word lynching comes from Lynch. Lynch was the
    Fortunately, though we lack schools, France lavishes
    name of a planter in Virginia, a landlord and judge. Avail
    upon us brothels, opium-dens and bars
    ing himself of the troubles of the War of Independence (53)he took the control of the whole district into his hands.
    He inflicted the most savage punishment, without trial or
    Le Paria, No 29, September 1924,
    process of law, on loyalists and tories. Thanks to the slavetraders, the Ku-Klux-Klan and other secret societies, theillegal and barbarous practice of lynching is spreading andcontinuing widely in the States of the American Union. Ithas become more inhuman since the emancipation of the
    Blacks, and is especially directed at the latter.
    98
    99

==========第51页==========
    Imagine a furious horde. Fists clenched, eyes bloodshot,
    those who were not able to help with the cooking applaud
    mouths foaming, yells, insults, curses. This horde is
    now.
    transported with the wild delight of a crime to be committed
    Hurrah
    without risk. They are armed with sticks, torches, revolvers,
    When everybody has had enough, the corpse is brought
    ropes, knives, scissors, vitriol, daggers, in a word with all
    down. The rope is cut into small pieces which will be sold
    that can be used to kill or wound.
    for three or five dollars each. Souvenirs and lucky charms
    Imagine in this human sea a flotsam of black flesh
    quarrelled over by ladies.
    pushed about, beaten, trampled underfoot, torn, slashed,
    popular justice, as they say over there, has been
    insulted, tossed hither and thither, bloodstained, dead
    done. Calmed down, the crowd co gratulate the organizers', then stream away slowly and cheerfully, as if after a
    The horde are the lynchers. The human rag is the
    feast, making appointments with one another for the next
    Black, the victim
    time.
    In a wave of hatred and bestiality the lynchers drag
    While on the ground, stinking of fat and smoke,a
    the Black to a wood or a public place. They tie him to a
    black head, mutilated, roasted,deformed, grins horribly
    tree, pour kerosene over him, cover him with inflammable
    and seems to ask the setting sun,' Is this civilization?
    material. While waiting for the fire to be kindled, theysmash his teeth, one by one. Then they gouge out his eyes.
    Some statistics
    Little tufts of crinkly hair are torn from his head, carryingaway with them bits of skin, baring a bloody skull. Little
    From I889 to I9I9, 2, 6oo Blacks were lynched, inclu
    pieces of fesh come off his body, already contused from
    ding 5I women and girls and ten former Great War
    the blows.
    soldiers.
    The Black can no longer shout: his tongue has been
    Among 78 Blacks lynched in I9I9, II were burnt alive,
    swollen by a red hot iron. His whole body ripples, trem
    three burnt after having been killed, 3I shot, three
    bling, like a half-crushed snake. A slash with a knife: one of
    tortured to death, one cut into pieces, one drowned, and
    his ears falls to the ground. Oh How black he is How
    II put to death by various means.
    awful! And the ladies tear at his face.
    Georgia heads the list with 22 victims, Mississipi
    State follows with 12. Both have also three lynched soldiers
    Light up, shouts someone - Just enough to cook
    to their credit. of II burnt alive. the first State has four
    him slowly, 'adds another.
    nd the second two. Out of 34 cases of systematic, pre
    The Black is roasted, browned, burnt. But he deserves
    meditated and organized lynching, it is still Georgia that
    to die twice instead of once. He is therefore hanged, or
    holds first place with five. Mississipi comes second with
    more exactly, what is left of his corpse is hanged. And all
    Iree.
    100

==========第52页==========
    Among the charges brought against the victims of
    print: 'Under a strong escort, the Kaiser has taken flightwith the Crown Prince.
    I9I9, we note
    One of having been a member of the League of Noon-
    The Jackson Daily News of the same date, published
    Partisans(independent farmers
    across the first two columns of its front page in big letters:
    One of having distributed revolutionary publications
    Negro J. H. to be Burnt
    One of expressing his opinion on lynchings too freely
    y the Crowd at Ellistown
    having criticized the clashes between Whites
    This Afternoon at 5 p.m.
    One
    and Blacks in Chicago i
    The newspaper only neglected to add, The whole
    thespiIrit
    One of having been known as a leader of the cause of
    population
    earnestly invited to attend. B
    is there
    the Blacks
    One for not getting out of the way and thus frighten
    A few details
    ing a white child who was in a motor-car.
    In 1920, there were so lynchings, and in I923, 28.
    This evening at 7.40 p. m, J. H. was tortured with
    These crimes were all motivated by economic jealousy.
    a red hot iron bar, then burnt .. A crowd of more than
    Either the Negroes in the place were more prosperous than
    2,000 people.. many women and children, were present
    the Whites, or the black workers would not let themselves
    at the incineration,. After the Negro had been boundfrom behind, a fire was kindled. A little further away,
    be exploited thoroughly. In all cases, the principal culpritswere never troubled, for the simple reason that they were
    another fire was kindled in which an iron bar was placed
    always incited, encouraged, spurred on, then protected, by
    When it was red hot, a man took it and applied it to the
    Black's body
    the politicians, financiers and authorities, and above
    ly. The lattter, terrified, seized the iron with his
    hands, and the air was immediately filled with the smell of
    the reactionary press.
    When a lynching was to take place or had taken place,
    burning flesh.. The red hot iron having been applied to
    the press seized upon it as a good occasion to increase the
    several parts of his body, his shouts and groans were heard
    number of copies printed. It related the affair with a wealth
    as far away as in the town. After several minutes of torture,
    of detail.
    masked men poured petrol on him and set fire to the stake.
    Not the slightest reproach to thecriminals. Not a
    The flames rose and enveloped the Negro who implored
    word of pity for the victims. Not a commentary.
    be finished off with a shot. His supplications provoked
    The New Orleans States of June 26, I9I9 published a
    shouts of derision. 'Chatanooga Times, February I3, I9I8.
    head-line running right across the front page in letters
    I5,000 people, men, women and children, applauded
    five inches high: ' Today a Negro Will be Burnt by 3,000
    when petrol was poured over the Negro and the fire lit.
    Citizens'. And immediately underneath, in very small
    They struggled, shouted and pushed one another to get
    103
    102

==========第53页==========
    nearer the Black.. Two of them cut off his ears while the
    White victims of lynching
    fire began to roast him
    Another tried to cut off his heels .. The crowd
    It is not only the Blacks, but also the Whites who dareto defend them, such as Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe
    surged and changed places so that every one could see the
    author of‘ Uncle Tom' Cabin’- who are ill-treated
    Negro burn. When the flesh was entirely burnt, the bones
    Elijah Lovejoy (54) was killed, John Brown (55)hanged
    laid bare and what had been a human being was but a
    Thomas Beach(56)and Stephen Foster (57)were persecut-
    smoking and deformed rag curling up in the flames, every-
    ed, attacked and imprisoned. Here is what Foster wrote
    one was still there to look., "Memphis Press, May 22, I917
    from prison,' When I look at my damaged limbs, I think
    men of all social classes, women and children
    that, to hold me, prison will not be necessary for much
    were present at the scene. Many ladies of high society
    longer.These last I5 months, their cells have been open-
    followed the crowd from outside the prison, others joined
    ed to me four times, 24 times my compatriots have drag-
    it from neighbouring terraces. When the Negro's corpse
    ged me out of their churches, twice they have thrown me
    fell, the pieces of rope were hotly contended for. "'Vicheburg
    from the second floor of their houses, they have damaged
    Evening Post, May 4, I9I9.
    my kidneys once another time they tried to put me in
    someone cut off his ears, another removed his
    irons; twice they have made me pay fines once Io,ooo
    sexual organ., He tried to cling to the rope, his fingers
    people tried to lynch me, and dealt me 2o blows on my
    were cut off. While he was being hoisted to a tree, a giant
    head, arms and neck...
    of a man stabbed his neck he received at least 25 wounds.
    In 30 years, 7o8 Whites, including II women, have
    he was several times hoisted up, then pulled
    been lynched. Some for having organized strikes, others
    down into the brazier. Finally a man caught him in a lasso
    for having espoused the cause of the Blacks
    the end of which was attached to a horse which dragged
    Among the collection of the crimes of American
    the corpse through the streets of Waco. The tree on which
    civilization,, lynching has a place of honour.
    the hanging took place, was right under a window of themayors house. The latter looked on while the crowd was inaction. All along the way, everyone took part in the muti-
    La Correspondance Internationale, No 59, 1924
    lation of the Negro. Some struck him with shovelspickaxes, bricks, sticks, The body was covered with woundsfrom head to foot. A shout of joy escaped from thousandsof throats when the fire was kindled. Some time after, thecorpse was hoisted up high in the air, so that everyonecould look at it, which raised a storm of applause.,
    Crisis, July 1916.

==========第54页==========
    I856, Great Britain launched a new war to enforce the
    legalization of the sale of opium and the opening of
    Chinese ports to foreign trade(59)
    I86o, The Anglo-French army occupied Peking. Conces-
    sion: occupation of Victoria Island. Indemnity800 million taels of silver to France and Io millionpounds to Great Britain (60).
    IMPERIALISTS AND CHINA
    I874, Japan attacked China Concession: renunciation of
    Chinese suzerainty over the island of Formosa andits colonization by Japan. Indemnity 5o million
    Events in China have two sides: the conflicts be
    taels of silver (61)
    tween Chinese generals, and the intervention of foreignpowers. It is the latter which touches us most, because it
    876, War with Russia. Concession territorial occupa
    tion. Indemnity goo million roubles.
    determines the internal war and can have the most seriousconsequences.
    I878, New British dispute. Concession the right to
    Let us try to sum up the history of foreign interven-
    extraterritoriality. Indemnity: 20 million taels of
    tions in the past in order to unravel the real cause, the
    ilver(62)
    main motive of the present intervention
    1885, France attacks(63). Concession of Chinese suzer
    ainty over Annam, colonization of this country by
    France.
    A few dates
    I895, Japan attacks. Concession renunciation of Chinese
    635, The King of England sent an envoy to ask for
    suzerainty over Korea, and its colonization by
    authorization to trade with China.
    Japan. Indemnity 20 million taels of silver.
    I830, The British Ambassador asked for authorization to
    I895, Russia, France and Germany attack, Concession:
    import opium into China. The request was rejected
    right of construction of railway lines, Indemnity
    by the Middle Empire.
    3, ooo million taels of silver(64).
    836, The British smuggled 20, 28o crates of opium into
    I897, German aggression. Occupation of Kiaochow, right
    China
    to exploit mines(65)
    I839, Great Britain declared war upon China to force
    I897, Russian aggression, Occupation of Port Arthur.
    opium upon her (58).
    I84I, Hong Kong was conquered, and paid a war indem-
    I897, British aggression. Occupation of Wei-Hai-Wei.
    nity of 2I milion dollars, six million of which
    I898, French aggression. Right to install telegraphy in
    represented the value of the destroyed opium.
    southern China
    106

==========第55页==========
    Igoo, Armed intervention of Great Britain, Russia, Ger
    Since 1895, China has contracted I6 loans the sum
    many, France, the United States, Italy, Austria and
    totals of which are
    Japan( Boxer Rebellion)
    902,000,ooo francs
    Installation of foreign troops in Peking and in
    61, 500, ooo sterling
    important ports. Indemnity 450 million taels of
    64,368, ooo dollars
    silver.(66).
    II5,000, 000 yen
    Since the Great War, the imperialists have
    I, 763, 000 Dutch crowns
    replace
    d open and armed banditry (67) by veiled,
    Customs duties, taxes from its markets; receipts from
    diplomatic banditry. They are silently pillaging
    its railways, income from its industry, liquor and tobacco
    China, divided and unarmed as far as they are
    duties, revenue from the Posts and Treasury, the salt-tax,
    concerned, around the green baize table
    etc, were used to cover these loans.
    I919, The Versailles Treaty handed all German conces
    The map of China shows that almost all the important
    sions in China over to Japan, though China was an
    ports, strategic points, and modern production centres are
    allied country.
    occupied byy foreignerss. And the map does not tell everything.
    I922, The Washington Conference (68) ratified the hold
    It does not show how far the influence of foreign capital
    of Great Britain, France, the United States, and
    extends, nor how far the artillery of the hirelings of foreign
    Japan over Chinese revenues, excise, salt-taxes, etc.
    powers can carry.
    I923, Diplomatic notes from their ambassadors claiming
    for france, Great Britain, the United States, Japan
    Colonization of China
    and Belgium the right to manage the Chinese rail-ways(69).
    Despite all its weaknesses, and internal divisions, its
    September Ig24, naval demonstrations by the said powers
    II,I39, 000 square kilometres are still too big a piece for
    off Canton.
    the jaws of colonial imperialism to swallow at one gulp.
    And the brutal subjection of the 489, 500,ooo Chinese to
    The situation in China
    the irons of colonial slavery cannot be carried out in oneday. That is why China is being parcelled out a slower
    We have seen that, under different pretexts and by
    but more prudent means.
    various means, the capitalist nations have intervened in
    Another factor is slowing down the international
    the affairs of China only to achieve one unchanging result
    colonization of China: the rivalry between the imperialists
    to wrest from her territorial concessions and indemnities
    themselves.
    Now let us look at the economic and financial situa.
    France, in possession of Indo-China, longs for control
    tion of this great country, possessor of an ancient civilization,
    over South China. The expensive construction of the
    which is the object of their desires
    Tonking- Yunnanfu railway is proof of this
    109
    108

==========第56页==========
    Great Britain, which possesses Hong Kong, would
    crime French imperialism, oppressor of the Indochinese
    content itself, for the moment at least, with an economic
    people, fears this troublesome neighbour whose subversive
    colonization it already has control over almost all the
    ideas might cross the frontier and infect her Annamese
    sources of production. What would be the use of bothering
    slaves. China has common frontiers with India and Korea
    itself with the military custody of an immense territory
    A united, free and powerful China would be the prologue
    But not for anything in the world will Great Britain let
    to an independent Korea and a liberated India. Imperialist
    france become a big colonial power in Asia. And as awa-
    Britain and Japan cannot but become anxious. The danger
    kened India begins to shake its economic yoke, British
    remote though it may be, conceived in its full breadth, is
    mercantilism must find compensation in China. Over
    already real
    peopled Japan would be only too willing to take some
    That is why today it is sought to liquidate Sun Yat
    Chinese provinces, which the United States does not want
    sen and his party, as yesterday efforts were made to
    to allow; this would be dangerous for them. China appears
    trangle revolutionary Russia
    to them as a market and a possible ally in a confict with
    Japan.
    Possibilities of an armed intervention
    The meaning of the present intervention
    Imperialist ultimatums come one after another. In
    Chinese waters, naval forces are being mobilized. Warships
    The imperialist aim in the present intervention is a
    are being concentrated in Shanghai and the Yangtze
    double one. First of all, to get new concessions then, and
    estuary (70). Will there be a direct intervention? That is
    I think that this is the main point, to overthrow Sun Yat
    only a remote probability. In this new venture against the
    sen. We know that the successive Governments of Peking
    Chinese people, Great Britain is playing the leading part.
    always apply the same policy: within the country: corrup
    Macdonald(71)will not dare to risk an open intervention
    tion; outside it: passivity before the foreign imperialists.
    He will content himself with doing his best to help Sun
    Sun Yat-sen, .father of the Chinese revolution,
    Yat-sens enemies. And the traditional tactics of British
    leader of the Canton government, has, on the contrary,
    policy are continuing: waiting for the chestnuts to be
    always been faithful to his principles, even in the most
    pulled out of the fire.
    difficult moments. The programme of his Party - the
    Kuomintang-is a reforming one. It contains clearly anti-
    Consequences of the intervention
    imperialist and anti-militarist points. This Party declaresitself resolutely linked together with the oppressed peoples
    International capitalism has a mania for accumulation
    of the colonies and with the international proletariat. It
    The'Experts' Plan(72) is organizing the enslavement of
    sympathizes with the Russian revolution: unpardonable
    the German workers. Interventionist diplomacy -gunboat
    110
    111

==========第57页==========
    diplomacy, says Sun Yat-sen-is paving the way for theslavery of the yellow working people. The definite enslavement of the German proletariat would unavoidably bringabout the bondage of the American and European proletariat. The Dawes plan is a direct attack on the workingclass. The colonization of China would supply capitalismwith absurdly cheap labour, lower wages in Europe and
    America, and consolidate the power of capital, The inter
    CIVILIZATION THAT KILLS
    vention in China is a direct attack on the internationaworking class.
    How the whites have been civilizingthe blacks-Some deeds not mentionedin history textbooks
    La Correspondance Internationale, No 67. 1924
    If lynching-inflicted upon Negroes by the Ameri-can rabble -is an inhuman practice, I do not know whatto call the collective murders committed in the name ofcivilization by Europeans on African peoples
    Since the day the Whites landed on its shores, theblack continent has constantly been drenched in blood.
    There, mass-murders are blessed by the Church, lawfullysanctioned by Kings and Parliaments and conscientiouslyperpetrated by slavers of all calibres, from yesterday'sslave-traders to todays colonial administrators.
    Religion
    It was to spread the blessings of Christianity that,towards I442, the knights of the Most Catholic King of
    Spain landed on the shores of Africa. Their apostolatebegan with massacres. '. and in the end said their log-book of the journey our Lord, who rewards acts ofkindness and ventures undertaken to His glory, has obtained for His faithful servants victories over His enemies. He
    HCM8
    113
    112

==========第58页==========
    has given us laurels for our work and recompense for our
    obtain, by this means, laudable and mutual benefits for
    Their Majesties and their subjects
    expenditures and we have, thanks to Him, captured 165men, women and children, not to mention the great number
    His Britannic Majesty undertook to introduce into
    of killed and wounded
    Spanish America 144, 000 Indians of both sexes and of allages in consideration of a payment of 33 piastre-crowns and
    These pious conquistadors (3)instituted a tradition.
    The list of property confiscated from Jesuits in Brazil in
    x/3 piastre per head….
    I768, contains, among salvation crosses and other objects
    The slave-traders
    of worship, irons for branding slaves.
    For a long time, English societies' For the Propaga-
    In I824, a slave-ship that had just taken on board
    tion of Christianity' drew their missionary resources from
    Negroes from the shore of Africa bound for the West
    the slave-traffic
    Indies, was given chase by a cruiser. During the chase,
    On February 12, 1835, the Independent Church of
    several barrels floated past the cruiser. It was believed that
    the Parish of Christs Church(South Carolina) advertized
    the slave-ship had got rid of its casks of water to speed its
    in the local newpapers the sale of 'a batch of ten slaves
    flight
    accustomed to cotton-growing. How many of these deeds
    But when the ship was boarded, moans were heard
    q
    d
    from a barrel left on the deck. Two Negresses were found
    The Churches in North America were the most resolute
    it almost asphyxiated. The slave-traders had hit
    enemies of the abolition of slavery.
    this means of lightening their ship.
    An Ennglish ship saved a foundering slave-ship
    The kings
    Negroes as well as the crew were taken on. But when itwas noticed that provisions were short, it was decided to
    From Charles V down to Leopold II, King of the
    sacrifice the Blacks. They were lined up on deck and shot
    Belgians, from the virtuous Queen Elizabeth of England
    down in cold blood with two cannons.
    down to Napoleon, all the crowned heads of Europe wereengaged in the negro-trade. All colonizing Kings signed
    The conditions of the slaves
    treaties and granted monopolies for the exploitation ofblack flesh.
    The arrested Blacks were chained in pairs, by the
    4 On August 27, I701, His Most Catholic Majesty of
    neck, the arms and legs. A long chain linked them in groups
    pain and His Most Christian Majesty of france granted
    of twenty or thirty. Bound in this way, they were forced to
    the Royal Company of Guinea a ten-year monopoly for the
    walk to the port of embarcation where they were bundled
    nto the holds with no
    light or air.
    traffic in negroes in the colonies of America in order to
    115
    114

==========第59页==========
    For the sake of health' they were made to dance:under a rain of. whip-lashes once or twice daily. It often
    on her head. Then he had her tied and bound, and molten
    happened that, in the hope of making room for themselves,
    rubber poured into her private parts.
    men strangled each other and women drove nails into their
    As he could not make his two native servants work
    neighbours', skulls. The sick, considered as damaged and
    for nothing, a colonist few into a rage and tied them to
    unsaleable goods, were thrown into the sea. As a rule, at
    poles, poured kerosene on them and burnt them alive.
    the end of the journey a quarter of the living cargo had
    Other colonists inserted dynamite cartridges into
    succumbed to infectious diseases or asphyxiation. The
    Negroes'mouths or anuses and blew them up.
    surviving slaves were branded and numbered with white
    A functionary boasted that single-handed he had killed
    hot irons like cattle and counted in tons and bales. Thus
    Iso natives, cut off 6o hands, crucified many women and
    the Portuguese Company of Guinea signed a contract in
    children and hung a great number of mutilated corpses on
    I7oo by which it undertook to supply II, ooo' tons of
    the walls in the villages under his administration. On onl
    Negroes
    one of its plantations, a concessionary company caused the
    More than fifteen million Negroes were transported to
    death of I, 5oo native labourers.
    America in these conditions, About three million died or
    Exceptional, isolated cases No. Typical cases. But let
    were drowned on the way. Those who were killed while
    us quote a few collective crimes which cannot be attributed
    resisting or during revolts have not been recorded. That
    to the barbarous instincts of a few individuals, but for
    infamous trade ended in I850, giving way to a new form of
    which the whole system is accountable to history.
    slavery on a larger scale: colonization.
    In our Algeria,, related a French writer, 'on theconfines of the desert I saw this. One day, some troops
    Colonization
    captured Arabs who had committed no other crime than
    The examples of atrocities that we are going to quoter
    fleeing from their conquerors'brutalities. The colonel gave
    if they were not proved by irrefutable documents or related
    orders to put them to death on the spot without investi
    by Europeans themselves, would be hard to believe
    gation or trial. And here is what happened.. There were
    A French trader in Madagascar, noticing that a theft
    thirty of them. Thirty holes were dug in the sand and they
    had been made from his cash-box, tortured with electricity
    were buried naked therein up to their necks, their shaved
    many of his native employees suspected of the theft. It was
    heads exposed to the sun at its zenith. So that they should
    discovered soon after that it was his son who had taken the
    not die too quickly, water was poured on them from time totime as on cabbages. Half an hour later, their eye-lids
    money.
    A colonial administrator forced a Negress to remain in
    were swollen, their eyes starting from their sockets. Their
    the burning sun for a whole day with a heavy heated stone
    swollen tongues filled their horribly gaping mouths.. theirskin cracked and roasted on their heads.
    116

==========第60页==========
    A Bangi tribe was unable to provide the quantity of
    continue their bloodthirsty advance into Morocco under
    rubber demanded by the concession. To force the tribesmen
    the indulgent eye of the pontiffs of the League of Nations.
    to make good the deficit, they had 58 women and Io
    The history of the European advance into Africa
    children arrested as hostages. They were deprived of air,
    and the whole history of colonization -is written from
    light, food and even water. From time to time, they were
    beginning to end in the blood of the natives.
    tortured. Their cries, according to the plantation owners,
    After massacres pure and simple, there are corvee,
    helped to speed up work. After three weeks of atrocious
    porterage, forced labour, alcohol and syphilis to complete
    sufferings, a great number of the hostages were dead
    the destructive work of civilization. The inevitable conse-
    That year there was a drought. The crops had failed
    quence of this monstrous system is the extinction of the
    completely. That whole African region was desolated. The
    black races.
    inhabitants ate grass and roots. Old people died of starva
    It is of painful interest to juxtapose to these facts
    tion. The civilizing government, however, demanded its
    some figures. It will be seen that the rapid enrichment of
    taxes. The sufferers left their lands, gardens and thatched
    some colonizers corresponds exactly with the no less rapid
    huts to the latter and took refuge in the mountains. The
    depopulation of the exploited regions. From 1783 to I793
    administrator sent out hunting dogs and troops in pursuit.
    the Liverpool Company made about I,II7,7oo pounds
    The fugitives were caught in a cave and were killed by
    profit from the slave-trade. During the same period, the
    fumigation
    population of the regions visited by that company, lost
    In I895, the Engglish massacred 3, ooo Matabele rebels
    304,000 inhabitants. Innine years, King Leopold II received
    who had surrendered.
    3,I79,120 pounds from the exploitation of the Congo. In
    From Igor to Igo6, the Germans massacred no les
    Igo8, the population of the Belgian Congo was 20 million.
    than 25, ooo Hereros in West africa.
    It was 8, 500, ooo in IgII. In the French Congo, tribes
    In IgII, the Italians turned the suburbs of Machiya
    of 40, ooo inhabitants dropped to 20, ooo in two years
    into a slaughter-house for
    for three days. Four thousand nati-
    other tribes disappeared completely.
    ves were massacred
    In I894, the Hottentot population amounted to
    These mass murders were set forward as political
    20,000. Seven years of colonization brought it down to
    principles. It was a policy of extermination. One govern.
    9,70o
    ment at the Cape has declared, If the natives allowthemselves to slip into disobedience or rebellion, they will
    La Correspondance Internationale, No 69, 1924
    be mercilessly swept out of the country other peoples willtake their place.
    Today, ten years after the war for 'the right ofpeoples to govern themselves,, Spaniards and French
    119
    118

==========第61页==========
    At present, it is impossible to specify to ourproteges the rights applied to French citizens in France,especially that the principle of sovereignty resides in thenation,, and that'the law is the expression of will.
    Thus it is dangerous to display these principles inpublic places…
    If need be, we might consider giving satisfaction to
    MARSHAL LYAUTEY AND THE
    the League of the Rights of Man in premises exclusively
    DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN (74)
    frequented by French people, but, as a matter of fact, suchpremises do not exist in Morocco, etc,
    The satrap of Morocco finds the great
    That Lyautey considers the Declaration -which is
    charter of the French bourgeoisie suber-
    the pride of his Republic and the honour of his fore fa-
    sive and dangerous.
    thers a mere scrap of paper, that he treats with contempt a
    Le League of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
    famous organization of bourgeois democracy and the great
    I924)had the naive idea of having the Declaration of the
    principles of 89-93, we don't care a fig about, and
    Rights of Man and the Citizen of I789 posted up in
    neither do the Moroccans. But we have to remind ourbrothers in Morocco of the following:
    schools and public establishments in French Morocco.
    Marshal Lyautey - entrusted with enforcing the Rights of
    During the war for rights'-for the rights not of
    Man and the Citizen in Morocco- expressly forbade the
    Man and the Citizen, but of Vultures and Sharks
    display of this too subversive declaration. Unfortunately for
    53, 000 Moroccans who did theirduty(40, 000 workmen
    the Moroccans and luckily for the French of 135 years ago,
    and I3, 000 soldiers), Io, ooo did it so well that they lefttheir bones on the battlefronts. Other Moroccans also did
    our generous Marshal was born some 75 or 8o years athe great Revolution, otherwise.. But let us leave joking
    their'duty', by supplying the mother-country at warwith scores of thousands of tons of goods, by providing
    aside and come to the point.
    hundreds of millions of francs to the enforced'Victory
    In his letter to the Premier, the Marshal explained
    loan' and compulsory subscriptions for the invaded regions,
    the ban as follows
    where the barbarous Huns'did in 1914-18 what the
    France has at present and for many years to come
    civilized French have been doing in Morocco for twenty
    an initial role to fulfil towards the natives to teach them
    years,and are continuing to do there every day. In return
    their duty. Only when they know their duty can we talkabout granting them the rights that their social conditionand level of education will eventually allow of.
    The italics are ours -N.A. Q.
    120

==========第62页==========
    for the bombs and good deeds of the Protecting Nation, the
    Moroccan peasants made overin the space of fifteenyears hundreds of thousands of hectares of their best lands,going away and dying of starvation in the mountains or onbarren plateaux. For the' French peace they paid heavytaxes that grew heavier year by year. From Io9,449,000francs in I918, these taxes rose to I7I, 953,000 in I922.
    Out of these millions sweated for by the Moroccans,6, ooo, ooo, that is one in three, was used to fatten the
    CONDEMNED COLONIALISM
    9yauteys, and their like.(The expenses of the General
    L
    Residence alone amounted to 25, 000, ooo francs)
    The experience of French Equatorial Africa
    The Moroccans have thus done their'duty'well, their
    French colonization has many a failure to its'credit
    duty as slaves. But to merit the Rights of Man and the
    We are not the only ones to notice it. Le Temps of Sep
    Citizen, they still have to do their duty as Men and Citi
    tember 24 wrote about one of these particularly lamentable
    zens, that is to say, to organize themselves and fight for the
    failures
    conquest of these rights, as the French people did in 1789and as the revolutionary proletariat of our days is doing.
    "Indeed, it is a secret to no one that the situation inour Equatorial Africa does not measure up, far from it, to
    This duty has not yet been understood by our brothers in
    the expectations that could be formed when. the French
    Morocco. So Lyautey was right to think that alcohol,
    fag first fluttered over its immense expanse appropriated
    narcotics and prostitutes (public houses and brothels in
    rather than conquered by the Republic. Without exaggera
    Morocco grow in number 28o per cent every five years)have a greater civilizing'value and are more useful to
    tion and without straining the meaning of words, it can besaid that Equatorial Africa is now in a state of real regress
    colonization than the platonic Declaration of the Rights of
    ion. Its development is rudimentary, its equipment next to
    Man and the Citizen.
    nothing. At present, its deficitary budget can be balancedonly by the grant of government subsidies. Lastly -and
    La Correspondance Internationale, No. 71, 1944
    still more serious- its people are wasting away and dyingout, the demographic factor whose preservation, improvement and growth is nevertheless at the root of all colonialenterprise, is on the way to extinction. And further on:
    4 Moreover, mistakes have been committed, but it isuseless to dwell on them. This is not the time for useless
    The italics are ours- NAQ
    122
    123

==========第63页==========
    4 Expedition against Kolowan village
    lamentations over the past but for preparing a better
    Against the Fans in Upper Cuno village burnt
    future. Our action in Equatorial Africa has, right from the
    down, plantations destroyed
    beginning been paralysed or distorted by errors of principle.that are still having deplorable consequences; besides, it is
    000& Sains the Bakamis: village burnt down again
    burdened by the weight of errors of method which must be
    3, ooo banana-trees(the only food stocks) destroyed
    urgently rectified.
    Against Kwa village village burnt down, plantation
    razeed
    What are the mistakes and errors whose deplorableconsequence Le Temps complains of without giving the facts
    Against Aloun: village bombed, then destroyed
    They are the expropriation, and exploitation of the natives,
    together with plantations
    they are porterage, forced labour, heavy taxes, civil and
    4 Against the Esamfami: villages destroyed
    military recruitment, the seizing of hostages, atrocities
    f Carried fire and sword through Bome region
    inflicted on the people; they are the whole monstrous
    Legalized pillage, systematic destruction of the people
    system of pillage and murder that has brought that colony
    organized devastation of villages, such was the method
    to the sad situation in which it is today.
    Sixteen years later, the attention of the French Par
    As early as twenty years ago, M. Auguste Chevalier
    liament was again drawn to the same scandals.
    after having described the barbarity of the system of
    In December I92I, the Negro M.P. BopishenIn a
    colonization-made this prophecy
    moving speech, said
    Soon, if this practice is carried on, if the burning and
    The population has been thinned out by the system
    devastation of villages do not come to an end... the banks of
    to which it has been subjected since the occupation. The
    the Congo as well as the regions of Oubangui and Sangha
    natives are killed by porterage and the intensive exploitation
    will be completely uninhabited.. If this practice continues, ina century all the toiling races will have disappeared.
    n which the concessionary companies have engaged.
    Parliamentary debates in I9o6 revealed that in a
    On October 22, I92I, the acting Minister of Colonies
    circular issued by the management of a concessionary com
    issued a decree to the effect that a native workman paid
    pany it was stated, Don't forget that our agents must
    for a certain job and not having completed it, may be
    play the part of small scale pirates. " And a Governor
    arrested and prosecuted for swindling.
    General wrote to one of his officials, I can be quite
    M. Albert sarraut. Minister of Colonies, had to admit
    frank with you that in proposing your promotion, I shall
    that the unfortunate inhabitants of this colony were on the
    especially rely on the collection of native taxes, which must
    verge of extinction.
    be the object of your constant attention. "The following
    He did his best to ascribe the cause of this depepula
    excerpt from a service register of about this time shows
    tion to lack of hygiene, writing:
    that these orders were obeyed to the letter:
    125

==========第64页==========
    u The inexpert and unhygienic handling of womenduring confinement.. leads to sterility and a considerableproportion of poorly cared for children die in early infancy.
    Influenza has caused ravages amounting to tens of thousandsamong this native population already decimated by sleeping
    Sickness
    To make good this state of affairs, what have theydone? Only one hospital with 79 beds has been built in
    Brazzaville-capital of the colony Means were even found
    THE KU-KLUX-KLAN
    to drag off 18, ooo men during the war, from this popula-
    Its origins Senator Sherman's opinion(1871
    tion on the way to extinction -of course the healthiest
    100 per cent Americanism
    Emenor
    and the strongest-to serve as cannon-fodder. A sum of
    Simmons- Lynchings in 1919
    313, ooo francs was raised in compulsory subscrcriptions for
    Why the K.K. K. must disappear
    the ravaged regions in France, 7,323, 000 francs in enforcedoans, and 53, ooo tons of goods, not including the count
    The place of origin of the Ku-Klux-Klan is the
    less days of corvee needed for the transport of requisi
    Southern United States
    tioned goods.
    In May I866, after the Civil War(75), young people
    Such are the ' errors of principle that are turning this
    gathered together in a small locality of the State of Ten-
    colony -a short time ago populous and prosperous -into
    nesse to set up a club. a question of whiling away the
    a desert. Although our documentation is from official
    time. This organization was given the name kuklos, a greek
    sources, we doubt that we have enlightened the faith of the
    word meaning club. To Americanize the word, it was chang
    sanctimonious readers of Le Temps.
    ed into Ku Klux. Hence for more originality, Ku-Klux
    Klan
    After big social upheavals, the public mind is naturally
    La Correspondance Internationale- No. 73, 1924
    unsettled. It becomes avid for new stimuli and inclined tomysticism. The K K.K. with its strange garb, its bizarrerituals, its mysteries and its secrecy irresistibly attractedthe curiosity of the Whites in the Southern States andbecame very popular.
    It consisted at first of only a group of snobs and idlers,without political or social purpose. Cunning elements discovered in it a force able to serve their political ambitions
    126
    127

==========第65页==========
    The victory of the Federal Government had just freedthe Negroes and made them citizens. The agriculture of the
    and the rich but against the poor, the weak, the harmless
    South-deprived of its black labour- was short of hands
    and the defenceless
    Former landlords were exposed to ruin. The Klansmen
    Yet the Klan lived and" worked, for forty odd
    proclaimed the principle of the supremacy of the white
    years without too much sensation
    race. Anti-Negro was their only policy. The agrarian andslave bourgeoisie saw in the Klan a useful agent, almost a
    The New Klan
    saviour. They gave it all the help in their power. The Klansmethods ranged from intimidation to murder. In the space
    It was in October IgI5 that William Joseph Simmons,
    of three years it committed so many crimes and misdeeds
    the new Emperor 'of the Klan, together with 34 of his
    that a number of those who supported it left it in horror.
    friends, brought the K.K.K. on to the American scene again
    Its programme was Ioo per cent Americanism, that is
    Towards I869,under the pressure of public opinion,
    to say, anti-Catholic, anti-Semite, anti-worker and
    the Klan was given the sack by its Emperor It had an
    anti-Negro.
    Emperor, who, nevertheless, had only a purely nominalauthority. The local Klans carried on their own existence
    It is to be noted that it was following the Civil War
    and crimes. Professor Mecklin -to whom we owe these
    and the emancipation of the Blacks that the old Ku-Klux
    details- said that every page of the thirteen big volumes
    Klan saw the light of day, its aim being to bar the freed
    containing the investigations into the acts of the lan in
    people's way to a social life. During the World War, Ame
    I87I-I872, recorded beatings-up of Blacks or Whites.
    rica enlisted in its army and navy hundreds of thousands
    These acts of violence were often done out of pure sadism
    of Blacks who were given promises of social and politicalreforms and who, having made the same sacrifices as the
    They were a favourite entertainment of the Klansmen
    Whites, timorously claimed the same rights. A situation
    A better knowledge of the Klan can be gained and a
    equivalent to a second emancipation. Thereupon the new
    better judgment formulated by quoting thehe speech made by
    Klan sprang up.
    Senator Sherman of Ohio in the Senate in March I87I
    It was again in the Southern United States
    gion
    4 Is there", asked Sherman" a Senator who can name
    of big planters and anti-abolitionists, the cradle of serfdom
    in searching through the crimes committed through the ages
    and lynching, the motherland of the old Klan -that
    L an association or gang whose acts and designs are morediabolical or criminal than those of the Ku-Klux. Klan
    Emperor 'Simmons founded the new invisible Empire.
    The Ku-Klux-Klan is a secret association, formed on oath
    To an interviewer, William Joseph Simmons said regarding
    and whose members murder, steal, pillage, bully, insult and
    its objectives, We are convinced that to ensure the
    threaten. They commit these crimes not against the strong
    supremacy of the white race we must wrest from the Blacksthe franchises which have been granted them. The Lord's
    128
    HeM.0

==========第66页==========
    will is that the white race shall be superior, and it was by
    wild mob. The battle raged in the capital for four days. In
    a decree of Providence that Negroes were created slaves.
    August, they fought for five days against the Klan and the
    Soon after the resurrection of the Klan, more than 8o
    mob in Chicago. Seven regiments were mobilized to restore
    beatings-up were recorded in the state of Texas alone, in
    order. In September, the government was obliged to send
    one year, and 96 lynchings.
    federal troops to Omaha to put down similar strife. Invarious other States the Negroes defended themselves no
    The Klan flourished especially in Georgia, Mississipi,
    less energetically.
    Texas, Alabama and Arkansas. It was in those states thatthe victims of lynching were most numerous
    2.-Like its predecessor, the new Klan has so shockedpublic opinion by its excesses that those who had approved
    In Igr9, the Ku-Klux-Klan burnt alive four Negroesn Georgia, two in Mississipi and one in Texas
    of or joined it at the beginning are leaving it. Its internalquarrels, its scandals and financial frauds ended by sicken
    It lynched 22 Negroes in Georgia, I2 in Mississipiten in Arkansas, eight in Alabama and three in Texas
    ing even the most indifferent and most tolerant people. The
    Senate has been compelled to prosecute it. Even bourgeois
    It attacked or pulled down jails to lynch the Negroeswho were kept in custody there five times in Georgia
    newspapers such as the New York World, The Chicago
    Defender, etc, are attacking it.
    three in Alabama, three in Mississipi, three in Texas andtwice in Arkansas
    3.-Its'Ioo per cent Americanism'and its antirkerism group against it 20 million American Catholics,
    It lynched 12 women in Mississipi, seven in Alabama,six in Texas, five in Arkansas and five in georgia.
    three million Jews, 20 million foreigners, I2 million
    Negroes, all decent Americans and the whole working class
    It burned, hanged, drowned or shot down nine Negro
    of America.
    former armed service personnel
    The Klan carried out other lynchings in other States
    At the last congress of Negro Associations, the follow-
    but we want to quote only definite figures.
    Ing motion was carried:
    u We declare the Ku-Klux-Klan an enemy of Huma
    The decline of the KuKlux. KIan
    nity i we declare that we are determined to fight it to theend and to make common cause with all the foreign work-
    The Klan is for many reasons doomed to disappear.
    men in America as well as with all those who are persecuted
    I.- The Negroes, having learned during the war that
    by it.
    hey are a force if united, are no longer allowing their
    On the other hand, the emigration of Negroes from the
    kinsmen to be beaten or murdered with impunity. They are
    agricultural South to the industrial North has forced the
    replying to each attempt at violence by the Klan. In July
    planters-threatened with ruin through shortage of man
    I9I9, in Washington, they stood up to the Klan and a
    power- to alleviate the lot of the black workmen, and
    130
    131

==========第67页==========
    consequently, to condemn more and more often the methodsand acts of violence of their agent the Klan
    4.-Finally, the Ku-Klux- Klan has all the defects ofclandestine and reactionary organizations without theirqualities. It has the mysticism of Freemasonry(76),themummeries of Catholicism, the brutality of fascism, theillegality of its 568 various associations, but it has neitherdoctrine, nor programme, nor vitality, nor discipline
    PROBLEMS OF ASIA
    La Correspondance Internationale No, 74, 1924
    The internal war in China Anglo-American
    Arms in the Pacific Some Japanese Ideas
    The great interest afforded by events in China is onlyheightened if they are considered as an integral part of thewhole which is the general situation in Asia.
    The civil war kindled in China is, in reality, but aduel between Franco- Japanese and Anglo-American im-serialism
    Wu Pei-fu, the man of Anglo-American imperialismhas been beaten. Chan Tso-lin(77), the man of franco-
    Japanese imperialism, has won but neither Japan norFrance has carried the day. Because there is luckily a thirdforce that has not been tamed by either imperialist group:I refer to Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary party.
    Hardly had the Chinese generals laid down their armsfor how long ? than France claimed the overdue payments for the so-called Boxer compensation, Japan demanded the concession of radio-telegraphic stations, Americademanded the carrying out of a plan on the lines of the
    Dawes plan and Britain claimed control of the Chineserailway lines. To all these claims, Sun Yat-sen and hisrevolutionary national party the Kuomintang, answered
    132

==========第68页==========
    Halt We claim the abolition of iniquitous treaties, the
    Western press, La Revue Belge for example, and especiall
    cancellation of humiliating concessions, in short, we demand
    the British press, views the suggestion with anxiety but pre
    that China, in a word, belong to the Chinese and that
    tends not to take it seriously.
    the Chinese be free to settle their affairs as they think best
    Will the start of refitting work on the Singapore naval
    Then, well see.
    base which will cost II million pounds put a full stop to
    That is why in this country Sun Yat-sen is oneof the
    Anglo-Japanese 'friendship'and be an effective 'answer
    statesmen most hated and dreaded by the imperialists. But
    to the idea of an Asiatic alliance It is, in any case, a
    no less hated is Karakhan(78), the Soviet ambassador to
    concerted action by Anglo-American imperialism
    Peking.
    The United States with a naval budget of 300 million
    shington Conference, Japan is no longer
    dollars and a fleet of 840 sea-planes, I8 battleships, 8I
    allied with Britain. The latter, finding the activities in
    submarines, Io3 destroyers, II3 cruisers and other small
    China and India of its former ally rather dangerous, has
    vessels carrying 4,785 naval officers and 86,000 ratings, is
    sacrified Japanese friendship to come to a better under-
    going to build eight new cruisers in order, it seems, to
    standing with Uncle Sam, whose interests in China can
    reach the 5-5-3'(Let us explain to the uninitiated that
    easily be reconciled with those of Great Britain. Being
    this is the formula for the proportion of naval forces establi
    dropped in this way is but a beginning Japanese imperia
    shed for America, Britain and Japan by the Washington
    lism will experience much worse France, on the contrary,
    a disarmament, conference). And big manceuvres of the
    has lavished civilities upon her and granted her a preferen-
    American fleet will take place in the Pacific soon
    tial customs tariff for imports into Indo-China. A poorfavour that had no echo in the world whereas, on the
    Japanese opinion notes An Empire Conference and a
    Conference for the Defence of the Empire in London, the
    other hand, the explosions of the assassination attempt in
    works in Singapore, big manceuvres in the Pacific, and
    Canton(79)were heard everywhere.
    After this abandonment by the British, a ban on Japan
    wonders Against whom are these preparations being
    ese immigration has now been voted in America. Japanese
    made Japan is the only armed power in Asia, the onlyrival of British and American imperialism in the Pacific.
    imperialism cannot swallow this insult without a grimace.
    Protests and demonstrations of righteous indignation have
    She feels directly menaced. Much restlessness has resulted
    answered it. Deserted by its ally of yesterday and insulted
    in Japan. After the idea of an Asiatic alliance, that of a
    y its erstwhile enemy, the Nipponese have flown into a
    federation of yellow races came into being. "I,ooo million
    brage. The idea of pan-Asianism has occurred to them. Whyy
    yellow people, " say the promoters, " have to rid them
    not a Russo-Sino-Japanese alliance The new idea is sup
    selves of the rule of I6o million Whites.
    ported by university men and statesmen, among them the
    An unrealizable idea owing to Nippon's selfishness and
    President of the Board of Financiers. The well-informed
    the example it sets. While protesting against the American
    134

==========第69页==========
    law on yellow immigration, and proclaiming itself thechampion of the oppressed yellow races, Japan is expellingfrom its territory more than 6, ooo Chinese workers and isgoing to continue expulsions of foreign workmen. As forwhat the Koreans think of her sincerity, it is better not tospeak of it
    To the Japanese of ten years ago, the Mikado wasdivine it was an honour to carry arms inthe divine
    Emperor's service. The Japanese of to-day has a complete
    RULE BRITANNIA
    ly different cast of mind. During a visit by the imperial
    CHINA, INDIA, THE SUDAN
    family to the outskirts of Tokyo, the police arrested 3,400young people as a precaution A significant precaution
    The Conservatives return to power(80) has given
    The government wanted to introduce military training in
    new strength to British imperialism. It means to carry out
    the school curricula. Professors and students unanimously
    an active and strong' policy in China. It was, to begin
    opposed it. Chauvinism, even assisted by Anglo-American
    with, proposed at the London conference of last November
    threats, is no longer as successful as of yore. Will the young
    24, that the Chinese railways be controlled and supervised
    Japanese generation realize that salvation lies in an un
    by military forces belonging to America, Japan, Belgium,
    derstanding among the proletarians of all countries What
    France and Britain. Great Britain, having the biggest in
    is certain is that it is developing quickly and to the left.
    vestments in these railways would play a decisive part in the
    To end these notes here is one detail: The dream of
    control and occupation of the railway network. This'fine'
    a federation of the yellow races 'had hardly been expres-
    project has not yet materialized.
    sed in Japan, when an American senator, M. Britten, pro
    At the beginning of this year the official capital of
    posed the convening of a" Conference of the Whites of
    British India suddenly found the 'Defence of India Actof
    the Pacific
    I9I9 applied to it-a special law establishing martiallaw. Under this regime, all British officials and policemen
    La Correspondance Internationale No, 19, 1925
    from the rank of inspector up, have the right to proceed tothe arrest or imprisonment of suspects, without trial
    Colleges, student-houses and a hundred or so buildingswere searched in one morning. Hundreds of arrests weremade, We shall mention among the detained persons S.
    Chundar Bose, leader of the Executive Committee of the
    Hindu National Congress(81) Baran Roy, the provincial
    136
    137

==========第70页==========
    secretary of the same Congress S. Mitter, the secretaryof the Swarajist party(82)and many other well-known andrespected Swarajists. Offices of Hindu societies were occu-pied by troops and police. The British authorities in Bengalagain tried to overcome all their political difficulties by
    orce.
    I shall not recall here the events in Japan and Egyptwhich are still fresh in everyones mind. What is not sowell known, is that for a very long time English business-
    LENIN AND THE EAST
    men have cherished the dream of a' cotton policy'in
    Africa, to be energetically pursued. It would be a questionof turning the Sudan into a vast plantation and diverting
    The First International laid the foundation for theinternational communist movement, but because of its short
    the course of the Upper Nile. A plantation irrigated in this
    existence, it could formulate for the movement only the
    way could produce a wonderful yield but agriculture in
    basic lines of action. Hence the question of colonies was
    the Lower Nile would suffer seriously from the alteration
    not thoroughly studied by the First International
    of the course of the fertilizing waters. Hence the Egyptiansopposed the implementation of this plan. Sirdar Sir Lee
    As for the Second International, with its representa-
    Stacks assassination(83)gave the British the pretext to
    tives such as Macdonald (84), Vandervelde, Henderson, and
    untie their hands completely in the Sudan they are hence
    Blum (85)etc., it paid only too much attention to thisquestion. Its leaders did not sympathize with the strugglle
    forward the sole masters there; the blood shed in the
    for self-liberation waged by the colonial peoples. Besides,
    Sudan and in Egypt will perhaps serve them only tofertilize the soil of the Sudanese plantation
    after coming to office, Macdonald was no less active than
    Baldwin and Chamberlain (86) in suppressing the peoplesof India, the Sudan, and other colonies who courageous
    La Correspondance Internationale. No. 33, 1925
    opposed their foreign oppressors.
    On the orders of these gentlemen, native villages werebombed and colonial peoples suppressed in a ruthless andcruel manner that no words can depict. Everybody knowsthat the opportunists have carried out a policy of segregatingthe white workers from the coloured workers, that thetrade unions, under the influence of these wily socialido not want to admit workers of different colour into theirinks. The colonial policy of the Second International has
    138

==========第71页==========
    more than anything else laid bare the true face of this
    All delegates of colonial countries who have taken part
    etty-bourgeois organization. Hence, until the October Re
    in various congresses of International Communism will
    volution, socialist theories were regarded as theories parti
    neverforgettheconcernthatLenin,theirleaderand.com
    cularly reserved for the Whites, a new tool for deceit and
    rade, displayed for them. They will forever remember with
    exploitation
    what insight he looked into the conditions of the most
    Lenin opened a new era, which is truly revolutionary,
    complex tasks peculiar to the East. Hence, everyone of us
    in various colonies.
    will deeply understand how correct Lenin's judgments
    Lenin was the first man determinedly to denounce all
    are and how valuable are his teachings.
    prejudices against colonial peoples, which have been deeply
    Only Lenin's wise attitude toward the colonial ques-
    implanted in the minds of many European and American
    tion can arouse the most backward colonial peoples.
    workers. Lenin's theses on the question of nationalities,
    Lenins strategy on this question is applied by various
    approved by International Communism, have brought about
    Communist parties in the world, and has won over the best
    a momentous revolution in all oppressed countries through-
    and most positive elements in the colonies to take part in
    out the world.
    communist movements.
    enin was the first to realize and emphasize the full
    Lenins solution of the very complex question of na
    importance of a correct solution to the colonial question as
    tionalities in Soviet Russia, and its practical application
    a contribution to the world revolution. The colonial ques
    by the Communist Party, is the sharpest propaganda
    tion has been brought to the fore in all congresses of
    weapon for the colonies.
    International Communism, the world trade union body and
    With regard to oppressed and enslaved peoples, Lenin
    the International Communist Youth(87).
    brought about a turn in the history of poverty of their
    Lenin was the first to realize and assess the full impor
    slave-like lives, and symbolized a bright future.
    tance of drawing the colonial peoples into the revolu-tionary movement. He was the first to realize that withoutthe participation of the colonial peoples, the socialist
    Le Sifflet, January 21, 1926
    revolution could not come about.
    With his inborn clearsightedness, Lenin realized thatin order to carry out work in the colonies successfully, itwas necessary to know how to take full advantage of thenational liberation movement which was gaining ground inthese countries, he realized that with the support of theworld proletariat for this movement we will have newstrong allies in thee struggle for the socialist revolution
    140
    141

==========第72页==========
    Therefore, nine countries with a population of320,657,o00 and an area of II, 470, 200 square kilometres,are exploiting colonies embracing dozens of nationalities,with a population of 560, I93, ooo and covering an area of55,637, ooo square kilometres. The whole area of the coloniesis five times greater than that of the mother countries, andthe whole population of the mother countries amounts toless than three-fifths of that of the colonies.
    REPORT ON THE NATIONAL AND COLONIAIQUESTIONS AT THE FIFTH CONGRESS OF
    These figures are still more striking if the biggest
    THE COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (88)
    imperialist countries are taken separately. The Britishcolonies taken as a whole are eight and a half times morepopulous and about 232 times bigger than Great Britain
    Comrades, I only wish to put forward some suggestions
    France occupies an area Ig times bigger than her own. The
    about Comrade Manuilsky's(89)criticisms of our policy on
    population of the French colonies exceeds that of France
    the colonial question. But before entering upon the matter,
    by I6,600, ooo.
    it is desirable to give some statistics in order to help us to
    Thus, it is not an exaggeration to say that so long as
    see its importance more clearly.
    the French and British Communist Parties have not broughtout a really progressive policy with regard to the
    MOTHER COUNTRIES
    COLONIES
    have not come into contact with the colonial peoples, their
    COUNTRIES
    AREA
    AREA
    programme as a whole is and will be ineffective because it
    POPULATION
    (sq. km.
    POPULATION
    (sq km.)
    goes counter to Leninism. I will explain myself more clearly.
    In his speech on Lenin and the national question, Comrade
    45,500034910040360000
    Stalin said that the reformists and leaders of the Second
    Great Britain 151,000france
    536,000
    3900010,250,0005560000
    International dared not align the white people of thecolonies with their coloured counterparts. Lenin also refused
    The United
    States
    9,420.001000000,850001:00000
    to recognize this division and pushed aside the obstacle
    Spain
    504,500
    20.700,000
    371.600
    853,000
    separatinng the civilized slaves of imperialism from the
    Italy
    286600
    38500001,460,000123000
    uncivilized slaves.
    Japan
    418.000
    57,070,000
    28800021,249.000
    Belgium
    29.500
    7.6420002,4008500000
    According to Lenin, the victory of the revolution in
    Portus
    92,000
    5.545,00000620006700
    Western Europe depended on its close contact with the
    Holland
    32.500
    6,700,00
    2.046,0048010.000
    liberation movement against imperialism in enslaved coloniesand with the national question, both of which form a part
    142
    143

==========第73页==========
    of the common problem of the proletarian revolution and
    Party, and I am very sorry to say that our Communist Party
    dictatorship.
    has done hardly anything for the colonies.
    Later, Comrade Stalin spoke of the viewpoint which
    It is the task of the communist newspapers to intro
    held that the European proletarians can achieve success
    duce the colonial question to our militants to awaken the
    without a direct alliance with the liberation movement in
    working masses in the colonies, win them over to the cause
    the colonies. And he considered this a counter-revolution
    of Communism, but what have our newspapers done
    ary viewpoint. But if we judge from practice to make our
    Nothing at all.
    theoretical examination, we are entitled to say that our big
    If we compare the number of columns devoted to the
    Parties, excepting the Soviet Communist Party still hold
    colonial question in the bourgeois newspapers such as The
    the above-mentioned viewpoint because they are inactive in
    Times, Figaro, Evre or in those of different opinions such
    this matter.
    as Lg Populaire, or Liberty, with those devoted to the samequestion in I Humanite, the central organ of our Party, we
    What have the bourgeois class in the colonialist coun-
    are bound to say that this comparison will not be favourable
    tries done towards oppressing so many people enslaved by
    to us
    them They have done everything. Using the means given
    When the Ministry of Colonies worked out a plan for
    them by the State administrative machine, they have carried
    transforming many African regions into large private plant
    out an intense propaganda. They have crammed the heads
    ations, and turning the peop
    of these regionsinto
    of the people of the mother countries with speeches, films,
    veritable slaves attached to the new employers'land, our
    newspapers, exhibitions and every other means, so that they
    newspapers still remained silent. In the French West
    have a colonialist outlook they have displayed before their
    African colonies, forcible measures for enlistment unknown
    eyes pictures of the easy, honourable and rich life which
    for centuries were carried out, and yet our newspapers
    seems to await them in the colonies
    maintained a close silence. The colonialist authorities in
    As for our Communist Parties in Great Britain, Holland
    Indo-China turned themselves into slave traders, and sol
    Belgium and other countries--what have they done to cope
    the inhabitants of north Viet Nam to planters in the Pacific
    with the colonial invasions perpetrated by the bourgeois
    islands; they lengthened the natives' military service from
    class of their countries What have they done from the
    two to four years; they sold the greater part of the colonia
    day they accepted Lenin,s political programme to educate
    land to financier sharks they increased taxes by a further
    the working class of their countries in the spirit of just
    30 per cent in spite ofthe natives inability to pay the old
    internationalism, and that of close contact with the working
    ones. And all this was done while the natives were being
    masses in the colonies What our Parties have done in this
    driven to bankruptcy and dying of hunger through flood
    domain is almost worthless. As for me. I was born in a
    However, our newspapers still maintained silence. Thus, it
    French colony, and am a member of the French Communist
    is no wonder that the natives are inclined to side with
    HCM-10
    145
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==========第74页==========
    organizations for democracy and freedom such as the
    starving German workers, encircled the suspected French
    Society for the Rights of Man and the Citizen together
    regiments; the example of the Eastern troops (03), in which
    with other similar organizations which take care of them
    the native forces were given machine-guns" to mobilize the
    or pretend to take care of them
    spiritof the French troops worn out by the hard and
    If we go even further, we shall see incredible things,
    protracted war i the events which occurred in 1917 at
    making everybody think that our Party has a disregard for
    places where Russian troops were stationed in France (9-1)
    all that concerns the colonies. For instance: I'Humanite
    the lesson of the strike of agricultural workers in the
    did not publish the International Peasants' Appeal(90)to
    Pyrenees where native troops were forced to play the sha
    the people of the colonies issued by the Communist
    meful part of saboteurs and finally the presence of
    International.
    207,000 colonial troops in France itself - all these have
    Prior to the Lyons conference(91), the items listed for
    not made our Party think, have not made our Party find it
    debate covered all political programmes except that on the
    necessary to lay down a clear and firm policy on colonial
    colonial question. L'Humanite carried many articles on the
    questions. The Party has missed many good opportunities
    Senegal boxer Siki's success, but did not raise its voice
    for propaganda. The new leading organs of the Party have
    when the dockers at Dakar port, Siki's brothers, were
    acknowledged that the Party is in a corner over this ques
    arrested in the middle of their work, tied hand and foot
    tion. This is a good sign, because once the leaders of the
    hauled on to lorries and taken to jail. Later they were sent
    Party have realized and recognized this weak point in the
    to the garrisons to be turned into ' defenders of civiliza
    Partys policy, there is hope that the Party will do itsutmost to rectify its errors. I firmly believe that this
    tion, that is to say, into soldiers. The central organ ofour Party daily informed our readers of the feats of the
    Congress will be the turning point and will urge the Partyto correct its past shortcomings. Although Comrade
    pilot Uadi, who flew from Paris to Indo-China. But when
    Manuilsky is quite right in his remarks on the elections in
    the colonial administration pillaged the people of Dai
    Algeria, to be objective, I must say that it is true that our
    Nam'(92), robbed them of their fields to give them to the
    Party has committed errors here but has corrected them by
    French profiteers, sent out bombers with orders to the pilots
    nominating colonial representatives as candidates in the
    to teach reason to the pitiful and despoiled local people,
    elections for the Seine department. Though this is still
    the organ of our Party did not find it necessary to bring
    too little, it is fairly satisfactory as a beginning. I am very
    this news to the knowledge of its readers.
    happy to see that at present our Party is again filled with
    Comrades, the press of the French bourgeoisie has
    the best intentions and enthusiasm, and that it needs only
    realized that the national question cannot be separated
    to be strengthened by practical deeds to be brought to a
    from the colonial question. In my opinion, our Party has
    correct policy on the colonial question.
    not thoroughly understood this. The lessons of the Ruhr,
    What are these practical deeds To work out long
    when the native troops who were sent out ' to comfort'the
    political programmes and pass high-sounding resolutions
    146
    17

==========第75页==========
    which are, after the Congress, sent to the museum as hasalways been done in the past, is not enough. We must adopt
    overc all four continents. In spite of the differences in
    concrete measures. I propose the following points
    races,climates, customs, traditions and economic and social
    I- To publish in I' Humanite a new feature of at least
    development, there are two common points that make them
    two columns weekly devoted to regular coverage of colonial
    alike and can later bring about unity in the common struggle
    questions.
    I- The economic situation
    ll the French
    2-To increase propaganda and choose Pa
    colonies, industry and commerce are little developed and
    members among the natives of the colonial countries in
    the majority of the population are engaged in agriculture
    which there are already branches of the Communist
    Ninety-five per cent of the population are peasants
    International
    2- In all the colonies, the native peoples are unre
    3- To send comrades from the colonial countries to
    mittingly exploited by French imperialist capital.
    study at the Eastern Communist University in Moscow.
    I have not enough time to make a thorough analysis
    4-To come to an agreement wit
    with the United
    of the situation of the peasants in each colony. Therefore
    General Confederation of Labour(5)on the organization
    I shall take only a few typical examples to give an idea of
    of working people from colonial countries working in
    the peasants life in the colonies
    France.
    I shall begin with my country, Indoo- China, which
    5-To set Party members the task of paying more
    naturally I know better than the other colonies
    attention to colonial questions.
    When France occupied this colony, the war drove the
    In my opinion, these proposals are national, and ifthe Communist International and delegates of our Party
    easants away from their villages. Later, on their returnthey found their lands occupied by the colonists who had
    approve them, I believe that at the Sixth Congress, the
    followed in the wake of the victorious army. They had
    French Communist Party will be able to say that the
    shared among theemselves the lanld the native peasants had
    united front of the masses of the metropolitan country and
    cultivated for generations. In conseq uence the Annamese
    colonies has become a reality.
    peasants were turned into serfs and forced to cultivate
    Comrades, as Lenins disciples, we must concentrate
    their own lands for foreign masters
    all our forces and energies on colonial questions as on all
    Numerous unfortunates who could not suffer the
    other questions in order to implement Lenin's teachings
    extremely hard conditions imposed by the occupiers, left
    Comrade Douglas(an English delegate)
    their lands and wandered about the country. They were
    Comrade Smeran .
    called' by the French, who sought every means
    Comrade Nguyen Ai Quoc
    to prosecute them
    The French colonies occupy an area of I0,24I,5Iosquare kilometres with 55,571, 000 inhabitants scattered
    The lands thieved in this way, were allotted to theplanters. They needed merely to say a wordn order to get
    148
    149

==========第76页==========
    declared that the land belonged to it and drove out those
    tracts of land sometimes covering more than 20,000 or
    who had toiled to make it productive. Robbed by their
    25, ooo hectares.
    ' protectors( Catholic or non-Catholic), the Annamese
    These planters not only occupied lands without any
    peasants were not even left in peace to work on their
    payment but also obtained all that was necessary to exploit
    remaining tiny plots of land. The land registry service
    lands including labour. The administration allowed
    ake the
    carried out a fraudulent cadastral survey to make
    them to make use of a number of prisoners without any
    peasants pay more taxes. These increased every year.
    payment, or ordered the communes to suppoly them with
    Recentlyafter occupying thousands of hectares of landbelonging to the Annamese highlanders to give them to the
    manpower
    Besides these wolves and the administration, the
    profiteers, the authorities sent airplanes to the place so that
    Catholic Mission is to be mentioned. The Catholic Mission
    the victims dared not think of rebelling.
    alone occupied one quarter of the areas under cultivation
    The despoiled peasants, ruined and driven away, again
    in Cochin-China. To secure for itself all those lands it used
    found ways and means to reclaim virgin land. But once it
    every imaginable and unimaginable method, including
    was under cultivation, the administration would seize it
    bribery,fraud and coercion. Here are a few example
    and oblige them to buy it at prices fixed by the adminis-
    Availing itself of crop failures it gave the peasants loans,
    tration. Those unable to pay would be driven out pitilessly.
    with their rice-fields on mortgage. The interest rates being
    Last year, the country was devastated by floods
    too high, the peasants were unable to get out of debt and
    however, land taxes increased 3o per cent.
    had to cede their mortgaged fields outright to the Mission
    In addition to the iniquitous taxes that ruin them, the
    Using all kinds of underhand methods, the Mission did its
    peasants still have to go on corvee, pay poll-tax, salt-tax,
    utmost to find out secret information that could be harmful
    buy government-bonds, subscribe to various funds and
    to be authorities. It used this information as a threat to
    many other things, and sign unequal contracts, etc.
    force the authorities to comply with its will. Together with
    French capitalists in Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco
    the big capitalists the Mission founded companies for the
    have carried out the same policy or robbery and exploita
    exploitation of the plantations which were occupied with
    tion. All the good irrigated land was kept for the French
    out any payment and the lands stolen from the peasants.
    he natives were driven away to areas at the
    The
    e foot of the
    The henchmen of the Mission held high positions in the
    mountains or to arid spots. The financial companies, pro
    government. The Mission exploited believers no less ruth-
    fitters and high functionaries divided the land in the
    lessly than the planters. Another of its tricks was to get
    colonies among themselves.
    together poor people and force them to reclaim waste land
    Through direct and indirect operations, the banks in
    with promises that once the land was cultivated it would
    Algeria and Tunisia in I9I4 made 12,258, ooo francs prot
    be divided among the peasants. But as soon as the land was
    from a capital of a5 million francs.
    reclaimed and the crops about to be harvested, the Mission
    15
    150

==========第77页==========
    The Bank of Morocco, with a capital of I5,400,0oo
    corvee all the time and paying heavy taxes. Their misery
    francs, made 1, 753, 000 francs proft in I92I
    and sufferings are indescribable. Due to shortage of food
    The French Algerian Company has occupied 324,000
    they have to eat wild vegetables and grasses or rotten rice
    hectares of the best land.
    and consequently are affected with typhus and tuberculosis.
    The Algerian General Company has occupied Ioo, 0oo
    Even in good harvest years, peasants are seen turning up
    hectares.
    rubbish heaps, disputing food-remnants with dogs. In lean
    A private company has occupied 50, ooo hectares of
    years, the corpses of peasants dead of starvation are seen
    forest without any payment, while the Capziere phosphate
    everywhere in the fields and on the highways.
    and railway company has occupied 50, ooo hectares of land
    The peasants'life in West Africa and French Equato
    ich in ores, and in addition has secured priority rights
    rial Africa is still more frightful. These colonies are in the
    over 20, ooo hectares of land in its neighbourhood
    hands of about 4o companies. They occupy everything
    A former French deputy has occupied a plantation
    land and fields, natural resources and even the natives
    covering I, 125 hectares of land, with mines to the value
    lives i the latter lack even the right to work for themselves
    of Io million francs, producing a yearly income of four
    They are compelled to work for the companies, all the
    million francs. The natives, the real owners of these mines,
    time, and only for the companies. To force them to work
    receive annually only one tenth of a franc per hectare.
    for nothing, incredible means of coercion are used by the
    French colonial policy has abolished the right of col
    companies. All lands and fields are confiscated. Only those
    lective ownership and replaced it by private ownership. It
    who agree to do the farming required by the companies are
    has also abolished small ownership to the advantage of big
    allowed to have some tiny plots of land. People are affect
    ownership of the plantations. This policy has incurred for
    ed with all kinds of diseases through malnutrition, and the
    the native peasants the loss of 5 million hectares of their
    death rate especially among the children is very high.
    best land
    Another method is to make old people, women and
    In I5 years, the peasants in Kabylia were robbed of
    children work as servants. They are lodged in small huts,
    I92, ogo hectares.
    ill-treated, beaten, ill-fed and sometimes murdered. In
    From I9I3, each year the Moroccan peasants were
    some localities the number of permanent servants is kept
    robbed of 12,ooo hectares of land under cultivation. Since
    about equal to the number of workers in order to discourage
    france was victorious in the war'for justice,, that figure
    the latter from running away. So that work in the plan-
    has risen to I4, 540 hectares.
    tations shall not suffer, the natives are forbidden to work
    At present, there are in Morocco only I, o7o French
    their own land in good time. Therefore, famine and epide
    people, but they occupy 500, ooo hectares of land.
    mics occur very often, wreaking havoc in the colonies.
    Like their Annamese peasant brothers and sisters, the
    The few tribes who have fled to the forests and
    peasants in Africa lead an unbearably hard life, going on
    succeeded in escaping the planters exploitation, live like
    53

==========第78页==========
    animals, feeding on roots and leaves, and die from malaria
    The densely populated regions bordering the rivers
    and the unwholesome climate. Meanwhile the white masters
    were turned into deserts within a matter of I5 years.
    are devastating their fields and villages. The following is
    Bleached bones were scattered throughout the ravaged
    an excerpt from an officer's diary describing briefly but
    oases and villages.
    clearly the repressionof the colonial peasants
    The life of the survivors was atrocious in the extreme
    4 Raid on Colover village
    The peasants were robbed of the tiny plots of land allowed
    a Raid on the Fan tribe at Cuno. Villages and gardens
    them by the companies, the artisans lost their crafts, and
    destroyed.
    the breeders their cattle. The Matabeles were cattle-breed
    44 Raid on Becanit village. Village burnt down;3,000
    ers before the arrival of the British, they had 200,coo
    banana-trees cut down.
    cattle. Two years later only 40, goo were left. The Hereros
    44 Raid on Kwa village. Village destroyed. Gardens
    had go,ooo cattle. Within 12 years the German colonists
    and farms razed to the ground.
    had robbed them of half. Similar cases are numerous in allthe black countries which came into contact with the
    Raid on Abimaphan village. All houses burnt down,
    Whites civilization
    all gardens and farms destroyed
    Raid on Examphami village. Village destroyed. The
    In conclusion, I quote the African writer Rene Maran
    whole commune along Bom river burnt down."
    author of Batuala who said Equatorial Africa was adensely populated area, rich in rubber. There were here all
    The same system of pillage, extermination and destruc
    kinds of gardens and farms with plenty of poultry and goats
    tion prevails in the African regions under Italian, spanish,
    After only seven years everything was destroyed. Villages
    British or Portuguese rule.
    were in ruins, gardens and farms laid waste, poultry and
    In the Belgian Congo, the population in I8gI was 25
    goats killed. The inhabitants grew weak because they had
    million, but it had fallen to eight and a half million by
    to work beyond their strength and without any payment.
    IoII. The Hereros and Cama tribes in the former German
    They were thus not sufficiently strong and lacked the time
    colonies in Africa were completely exterminated. 80,ooo
    to work their fields. Diseases broke out, famine appeared,
    were killed under German rule and I5, ooo were killed
    the death rate increased. We should know that they are the
    during the pacification'period in IgI4. The population of
    descendants of strong and healthy tribes imbued with an
    the French Congo was 20, ooo in I894. It was only 9,7o0
    enduring and tempered fighting spririt. Here, there is no
    in IgII. In one province there were Io, ooo inhabitants in
    thing left that can be called civilization..
    I910. Eight years later there remained only I, o8o. In
    To complete this tragic picture, I want to add one
    another province with 4o, ooo black inhabitants, in only two
    point French capitalism has never hesitated to drive each
    years,20,000 people were killed, and in the following six
    region in turn to famine if it might be of advantage tothem.
    months 6,ooo more were killed or disabled
    In many colonial countries, e.g., the Reunion Islands,
    1
    155

==========第79页==========
    Algeria, Madagascar, etc, the inhabitants are no longerallowed to grow cereals but have to grow other crops required by French industry. These crops are more profitable tothe planters. And this has caused the cost of living in thecolonies to rise and often brings about famine
    In all the French colonies, famine is on the increaseand so is the peoples hatred. The native peasants are ripefor insurrection. In many colonies, they have risen manytimes but their uprisings have all been drowned in blood
    If at present the peasants still have a passive attitude, thereason is that they still lack organization and leaders. The
    Communist International must help them to revolution andliberation
    NOTES
    OF EXPLANATION AND
    The Fifth Congress of the Communist International-une I7 July 8, I924- Shorthand copy-Part I-The
    INFORMATION
    National Publishing House, I925, pages 653-6s7.
    15

==========第80页==========
    I-On August 6, I920, the Second Congress of the Comin
    tern approved the twenty-one conditions put forwarda
    Lenin for recognition of the affliation of revolutionaryproletarian parties to the Communist International.
    These conditions forbade non-communist elements, theelements of the centre in the first place, from joining the
    Comintern, and laid down the fundamental polit
    cal an
    organizational principles by which a party consideringitself a section of the Comintern could become a Marxistparty of a new type.
    2-After their invasion of viet Nam, the French colonialists
    divided it into three parts. The South ( now Nam Bo)became a colony under the name of Cochin-China, the
    Centre, Annam(now Trung Bo), was declared a Frenchprotectorate' by the King the North, Tonking(now
    Bac Bo) was conceded outright by the ki
    French, wbo ruled it directly. In I887 the French colonialists united these three parts of Viet Nam with
    Cambodia, and founded what they called the 'Indochinese Union. In 1893, Laos joined it.
    3-Lenin's theses on the national and colonial questions
    were discussed at the Second Congress of the Cominternand approved on July 28, 1926
    159

==========第81页==========
    4-Gandhi, Mohandas Carmchand(I869-1948),an out
    10- Darles French Resident in Indo-China, well known for
    standing militant of the national liberation movement of
    his cruelties. In August IoI the inhabitants of Thai
    India, and leader of the Indian Congress Party.
    Nguyen province revolted against his persecutions. For
    De Valera, Eamonn(born I882) Irish politician.
    all his cruelties, he was fined 200 piastres, a derisory
    In r916, he took part in the uprising of workers and
    sum, but Albert Sarraut, then Governor General, conside
    petty-bourgeois in Dublin. During the civil war in
    red the punis hment quite adequate. He sent him to a
    Ireland in 1922-23, he led the republican army in its
    more lucrative post
    struggle against the government set up by the rightist
    II-Con Gai Vietnamese for 'young girl,, used by the
    Sinn Fein. Later, he gave up revolutionary tactics in his
    French colonialists in a bad sense.
    ight for the independence of ireland. In 1926, he set up
    I2-Long, Maurice Governor General of Indo-China from
    the Fianna-Fail, a petty-bourgeois party. From I932
    r920tox922
    onwards, except for short periods, he continuously headedthe Irish government
    I3- Khai Dinh Emperor of Annam from I916 to 1925.
    5- Sarraut, Albert ( born 1872) French politician, one of
    Protege of the French colonialists, he was enthroned in
    the leading champions of the interests of the bourgeoisie
    place of Duy Tan who, in [or6, engineered a plot against
    and colonialism. He was Governor General in Indo
    the French. After his failure, Duy Tan was exiled bythe french colonial administration to Reunion Island
    China from rrr to I9I4 and from I9I7 to I9I9. Hewas called the"hangman of Saigon"for his repression
    I4- Siki a boxer of Senegalese origin who had just defeated
    of the liberation movement in Indo-China. In the twenties
    in a much talked-of bout, the French boxer Carpentier,
    he was Minister of Colonies and in I936, Premier in the
    winner of the world middle-weight championship in I920
    French Government From I95I, he was President of the
    I5- Dempsey American boxer, world heavy- weight cham
    Council of the French Union. (See not 48)
    pion from Iorg to r926. In I92I he defeated Carpentier
    6- During World War I, the French colonialists pressganged
    in the bout for the world championshipP
    the Malagasies into the French army and sent them to
    I6- Buffalo the largest sports hall in Paris,
    fight on the German front and in Morocco and yria
    I7-S. D N.: a pun Societe des Nations. Sagesse des
    7-'Olo makoto one who gives off a bad smell.
    Nations.( League of Nations-Wisdom of Nations)
    8-Meric, Victor French publicist, member of the French
    I8-Maran, Rene a Negro writer with French citizenship,
    Communist Party
    author of‘ Batonala’,‘ Douma' and other works
    9-Louzon native of a French colony, a French Communist
    The French press spoke much of Rene Maran when his
    persecuted by the colonialists
    book Batonala' won the great traditional Goncourt
    Prize for French literature in D mber 192I.
    100
    HCM-11
    161

==========第82页==========
    I9- Kemal, Gazi Mustapha(I880-ro38)Turkish politician
    roro to January 2r, Io20 and was concluded by the
    and statesman, the first President of the Turkish Repu
    signing of a treaty with the defeated countries, Germa
    blic. From Iorg to I922 he led the national bourgeois
    ny, Austria, Bulgaria, Hungary and the Sultan's
    revolution ( Kemal revolution) against the foreign
    Turkey. The basic document of this Conference was the
    imperialists and feudal comprador elements.
    peace treaty signed with Germany on June 28, roro in
    20-A croissant' is a crescent-shaped breakfast roll
    the Palace of versailles. Hence it is called the Versail
    eaten in france.
    les Treaty.
    21-A play written by Nguyen Ai Quoc to ridicule Khai
    In sharing their booty, the member countries of the
    Dinh when this monarch vis ted france.
    Paris Conference contended fiercely with each other
    When speaking of the bulldog, Ho Chi Minh of course
    22-'Rappel' A newspaper started in 1869 in Paris
    meant Britain
    with Victor Hugo's collaboration
    27-After Germany's defeat in the First World War the
    23-Bourneton A member of Parliament, representative of
    question of the Ruhr, a coal-mining and metallurgical
    the French Communist Party.
    centre, was one of the main bones of contention in
    24- Notables Upper elements in the Vietnamese countryside,
    Europe. Hoping to restore its hegemony in Europe,
    such as usually formed the village administrative
    france cut the Ruhr off from Germany. In January
    councils. Their election by the population was a mere
    1923 France and Belgium between them occupied the
    matter of form in fact they were appointed by the
    Ruhr. This, occupation lasted until August I925. Ho
    French colonial administration
    Chi Minh's Flemish monkey and Gallic cock are Belgiumand france
    25- In order to avoid prosecution by the censorship, Ho
    Chi Minh used Aesopian language to lay bare the
    28- Tiger: Here Ho Chi Minh wishes to speak of Clemen
    imperialist policy of the French Government and the
    ceau ( see note 38). Clemenceau issued the magazine
    customs of French bourgeois society.
    L'homme Libre(The Free Man) in which he criticizedthe government. After this magazine was banned he
    26-Paris Conference This conference was convened by the
    issued the newspaper L'Homme Enchaine(The Chain-
    victor countries after the First World War to sign a
    d Man)
    peace treaty with the defeated countries. It was aimedat sharing the world among the imperialist powers on
    29- Vultures ivere the usurers, and proprietors of firms who
    the basis of the new relation of forces which had come
    made exorbitant profits.
    into being after the First World War, and at producing
    30-Crows: the exploiters.
    a scheme for the destruction of the Soviet Government
    3I-Chats fourres--Furry cats' French expression for
    This Conference was held in Paris from January I8
    judges
    162
    163

==========第83页==========
    32-Citroen, the biggest automobile trust in france. This
    36- Vorovsky V. V.(I87r-I923) an eminent figure in the
    trust was foundedby Andre Citroen, owner of a small
    Communist Party of the Soviet Union, a diplomat and
    cog-wheel workshop in Paris. During the First World
    literary critic. He was a member of the Soviet Delega
    War, thanks to his production and supplyof munitions
    tion at the Lausanne Conference (1922-1923). He was
    for the Army, he became enormously rich. Citroen had
    murdered on May Io, I923 by the fascist White
    many factories in france i he was besides the owner of
    Russian Condari in Lausanne.
    many car assembly workshops and factories in Italy,
    37.-Lyautey, Louis Hubert Goonzalve(1854-1034)a
    Holland and in many other countries in Europe and
    French Marshal. From I894 to 1896, he participated
    French Africa. In the twenties, Citroen organized an
    in the French Expeditionary Corps in Indo-China.
    exI
    edition to the Sahara for the purpose of advertizing
    Later he went to Madagascar to suppress the national
    his company. Caterpillar cars were used for the first
    movement in that country. From Igra to I925 he was
    time in this expedition
    High Commissoner and Resident General of france in
    Morocco where he carried out the policy of Nationa
    33-Marseilles is famous for its tall stories. One of these
    lization and Colonization,, which was a ruthless
    stories tells of the sardine that blocked the old port at
    suppression of the national liberation movement of the
    Marseilles. In telling this story, Ho Chi Minh wished
    Moroccan people, and which forced their country into
    to say figuratively that for any trifle the French govern
    dependence on French capitalism
    ment asked its colonies to contribute enormous sums of
    38-Clemenceau, Georges Benjamin (184I-I929)a reac-
    money.
    tionary French politician. One of the founders of the
    34- In 1922, the French colonialists organized an exhibition
    Radical Party and Radical Socialist Party. An active
    in Marseilles, which cost a great deal of money and for
    propagandist for the war of revenge against Germany.
    which the french colonies were forced to contribute
    From I906 to I9oo, when leading the French Govern-
    enormous sums. They hoped that this exhibition would
    ment, he carried out a policy of suppression of strikes.
    provide proof of the prosperity of the French colonies
    From rorz to I920 he was French Premier, at the same
    ( See articles:‘ Civilization that Kills’and‘The
    time holding the office of Defence Minister. At this
    Colonial Abyss, for further information on the Mar
    time, he actually set up a militarist dictatorship in his
    selles exhibition)
    country.He was one of the most active proponents ofthe war of intervention against the Soviet Union. Cle-
    35-Voronoff, S.A. a well-known surgeon working
    menceau's article in newspapers, and speeches delivered
    france. He studied various questions of human rejuve-
    in Parliament, contributed to the overthrow of many
    nation by means of grafting animals' testicles, particu-
    cabinets. Hence the bourgeois press nicknamed him ' the
    larly those of monkeys, on to man.
    Tiger’,and‘ destroyer of cabinets.
    164
    165

==========第84页==========
    30-In 1899, Hume, American Secretary of State,
    their national independence. The Sevres Treaty was not
    proclaimed the Open Door'policy. In proposing this
    ratified by the Turkish Parliament and was entirel
    policy and carrying it out in China the American in
    abrogated after the Turkish people had defeated the
    perialists aimed at overthrowing the position of rivals
    British and Greek interventionists. The imperialist
    who had founded bases in China before the United States.
    countries were obliged to take part in the Lausanne
    The Americans thus wanted to turn the whole of china
    Conference (from November 22 to July 1923). In this
    into their sphere of influence. Other imperialist coun-
    conference, Turkey, with the Soviet Union's support
    tries for their part also wanted to take advantage of
    succeeded in cancelling the enslaving Sevres Treaty and
    this policy to safeguard their positions and enlarge their
    conc/uded a new peace treaty.
    established influence in China. For example, the British
    42-A chinese mou equals one-fifteenth of a hectare.
    Government, after approving the 'Open Door policywished not to apply its principles in Hong Kong and
    43-Washington Conference. On the initiative of the United
    States, this conference was held from November 12
    Kowloon
    192I to February 6, I922 and was attended by the
    40-In May 1923, a group of bandits ransacked a train at
    United States, the United Kingdom(Great Britain, the
    Lingchen station on the Tientsin-Poukousht railway
    dominions and India), Japan, France, Italy, China
    an Englishman was killed, and more than Ioo Chinese
    Belgium, Portugal and Holland. The Washington
    passengers and 26 foreigners kidnapped. The diplomatic
    Conference completed the partition of colonial posses-
    corps in China availed themselves of this incident to
    sions and spheres of influence w hich had been carried
    make a series of demands upon the Peking Government.
    out immediately after their First World war. It was held
    4I-The Sevres Peace Treaty, one of the treaties which
    with a view to opposing the interests of the Soviet
    concluded the First World War. It was signed on August
    Union and China, and destroying the national libera-
    ro. ro20 at Sevres, near Paris. The signatories to this
    tion movement of the oppressed peoples. The main
    treaty were on the one side Britain, France, Italy,
    documents signed at the Washington Conference were:
    Japan and their allies ( Armenia, Belgium, Greece,
    the Four-Power Treaty(United States, Great Britain,
    Poland, Portugal, Rumania, Hedjaz, Czechoslovakia,
    Japan, and france) concerning the protection of terri
    Yugoslavia) and on the other the Sultan's Turkey. The
    torial rights in the Pacific Ocean i the Nine-Power
    Sevres Peace Treaty contained various clauses aimed at
    Treaty on the principle of 'Open Doorin China; the
    sharing out Turkey's Arab possessions, dividing Turkey
    Five- Power Treaty (United States, Great Britain,
    itself and putting it under a semi-colonial regime. The
    Japan, France and Italy on cuts in naval forces.
    predatory conditions of this treaty raised a wave ofspontaneous and just indignation among the Turkish
    44- The First Congress of Eastern Peoples was held in
    people. They rose up to struggle in order to safeguard
    Baku in September I920. It was attended by nearly two
    166
    167

==========第85页==========
    thousand representatives of Eastern countries. At this
    49-Copra: dried coconut kernel used in industry and
    Committ
    Action and
    pharmacy.
    Propaganda of eastern Peoples'which prospered for/
    50-Badiane: star-anise used in pharmacy or the distilla
    nearly one year.
    tion of liqueurs.
    45- Latin quarter: one of the oldest districts of Paris. In
    5r-Joffre, Joseph(1852-1933), French Marshal, Com
    this quarter, there are many schools and universities,
    mander-in-Chief of the French Army from roI to ror6.
    especially the ScorbonneUnEversty, the College
    From I885 to root, Joffre served in the French Expe-
    france, the Ecole Polytechnique and the Ecole normale
    ditionary Corps in Indo-China, the Far East Asia, Central Africa and Madagascar
    Superieure
    Poor students and intellectuals live in this quarter,
    52-Michelet, Jules(1798-1874), well-known French his-
    rance
    which is gradually being transformed into a bourgeois
    torian. His leading works were, History of Fr
    I7 volumes)'History of the French Revolution
    locality
    (seven volumes),History of the Ioth century
    46- French Indies: name of a number of small French
    (three volumes ) These works reflected the author's
    possessions in India(Mahe, Pondichery, Yanaon and
    petty-bourgeois standpoint
    Chandernagore). After the declaration of Indian inde-pendence, these possessions were integrated with India
    53-American War of Independence (1775-1783).Theliberation war launched by I3 British colonies in North
    47-Poincare, Raymond(I860-1934), a French politician
    America against Great Britain in order to win their
    of the early part of the 2oth century. He held many
    independence i this war brought about the founding of
    posts in the French Government, such as that of Premier
    the United States.
    in ror2-I9I3 and President of the Republic from I9r3to I920. He played an important role in the prepara
    54-Elijah Lovejoy, Editor of the newspaper Illinois Observer,one of the participants in the struggle for the
    tion of the First World War.
    liberation of the Negroes. On November 7, I837, the ra
    From 1922 to I924 and from I929, Poincare was
    cists lynched him and burnt the printing house of his
    again at the head of the government. He pursued a very
    newspaper. The murderers went unpunished.
    reactionary, chauvinist and anti-Soviet policy.
    55-Brown, John(I800-I859) was one of the organizers o
    48- From I922 to r924, Albert Sarraut was Minister of
    the struggle for the liberation of the Negroes. He founded
    Colonies in the Poincare government. When the govern
    an abolitionist society, schools for black people, and
    ment was reshuffled in r924, he was replaced by Major
    helped the slaves flee to Canada. In I855, together with
    Fabri(See note 5).
    his five sons he struggled against the slave owners in
    168

==========第86页==========
    Kansas because the latter terrorized the local population.
    59-In October I856, the Customs authorities of Canton
    On October 16, I859, at the head of a group of r8
    searched the lorcha Arrow, a Chinese opium junk
    Whites and Negroes, he occupied the Government's arms
    flying the British flag which plied between Amov an
    depot at Parkersburg in Virginia. But he was not able
    Canton. Availing themselves of the opportunity the
    to arm and lead the Negroes to rise up. The group led
    British government immediately launched the second
    by Brown was encircled by the slave owners and govern
    Opium War against China. The French joined the
    ment soldiers from Washington. In a fight two of his
    British in the invasion. In December 1857 the Anglo
    sons were killed, and he was severely wounded and
    French fleet captured Canton in 1858 the allied fleet
    arrested. Some days later, he appeared in Court on a
    sailed north to occupy the Talu forts and sailed for
    stretcher. On December 2, 1859 he was executed
    Tientsin. In June 1858 the Chinese government sur.
    56-57 Thomas Beach and Stephen Foster Well-known
    rendered and signed the Tientsin Treaties. The treaties
    abolitionists who actively participated in the liberation
    included war indemnities of four million taels of silver
    movement of the Negroes.
    to the British and two million to the French: theopening of ten seaports and river ports to foreign
    58-In 1839 the Manchu government sent the Chinese
    merchant ships i the right of foreigners to trade in the
    superintendent Lin Tse-hsu to Canton to ban the trade
    interior, and the right to send missionaries to China, etc.
    in opium organized by British and American traders
    On Lin Tse-hsu's orders, 20, 000 chests of opium were
    60- As the conditions in the Tientsin Treaties did not
    destroyed. Availing themselves of this opportunity, the
    satisfy the British and French inter ventionists, they
    British government declared war on China i but in
    declared war on China once more in 1860. They occupi
    fact, this war had been prepared by them for a long
    ed Peking and obliged the Chinese government to sign
    time. The United States also actively participated in
    the Peking Treaty, which had many even harsher
    this aggression. China was defeated in this so-called
    conditions than before, especially the war indemnity of
    first Opium War, and on August 29, 1842, the Chinese
    80o million taels of silver which was paid to each of
    Government had to sign the Treaty of Nanking. The
    the allies China had to cede Kowloon Point to the
    main provisions of the treaty were the cession of Hong
    British: Britain and france had the right to recruit
    Kong, the payment of ar million taels of silver (I
    Chinese workers for their colonies.
    tael =37, 3 grammes), and the opening of Canton,
    In the sixties of the nineteenth century, in Sinkiang,
    Foochow, Amoy, Ningpo and Shanghai to foreign
    the Dungan and Uighur people rose in revolt against
    trade. Customs duties in these ports were to be fixed by
    the Manchu government and the feudal yoke. At the
    mutual agreement. The Treaty of Nanking was the
    beginning the uprising was of a popular nature, but
    first unequal treaty signed by China with a foreign
    later on the leadership gradually passed over to the
    country.
    feudal Mohammedans, and the clergy in Cachegary
    171

==========第87页==========
    southern Sinkiang) appointed Jakoub-bek as emir of
    war indemnity. This allowed the Japanese to gain the
    this Khanat. The British government intended to make
    upper hand, and they occupied the Ryukyu islands
    use of jakub. bek, and founded a big state including
    in I879
    Khanat Cachegary and the neighbouring provinces
    62-In I874, the British authorities in India armed an
    This state was to be an opponent to Czarist Russia, thus
    expedition to explore a trade route to Bamow(Burma)
    creating favourable conditions for Great Britain to
    and Yunnan(China). The Chinese government dared
    meddle in the affairs of Kazakhstan and Central Asia
    not refuse the authorization, but informed them of the
    To prevent Jakoub-bek from occupying the frontierzone of Kulgjinski(Illiski) the Czarist government
    local peoples unfriendly attitude towards the British
    occupied it in I87I. According to the St. Petersburg
    The coming of this expedition backed by a fairly strong
    Convention signed in I88I, the Czar restored the
    army alarmed the local population. In February I875,
    greater part of this zone to China, but the Chinese
    the interpreter of the expedition, named Margary, was
    government had to pay goo million roubles to Russia as
    killed in an armed clash. On this pretext, the British
    a management indemnity for this zone.
    forced China to sign the Chefoo convention whichincluded: the opening of four ports to foreign merchant
    6I- At the end of 1873, a Japanese fishing-boat was driven
    ships, and the free movement of the British in Yunnan,
    by storm from Ryukyu to Taiwan. A fight between thecrew of the vessel and the people of Taiwan broke out
    63- Due to the outcome of the Sino-French war (188
    and go Japanese were killed. Having had the intention
    1885), a peace treaty was signed in Tientsin in I885.
    to occupy Ryukyu and Taiwan, the Japanese government
    The treaty provided that China was to recognize
    seized the opportunity to send 3, 000 soldiers to invade
    Annam, which was a vassal of China, as a French
    Taiwan in I874. Japan was actively backed by the
    protectorate, and also to recognize French traders
    United States in this aggression:the American
    privileges in Yunnan.
    Legendre was chief of staff of the expeditionary corps,
    4-In 1894, the Japanese militarists opened hostilities
    which sailed to Taiwan in the American ship New
    against China over the Korean question Korea was
    York. As the aggressors were repulsed, the Americans
    then under Chinese suzerainty. Not only was the whole
    and British offered to mediate. The Manchus were made
    of Korea occupied by Japanese troops, but also the
    to pay two million taels of silver in return for the with
    Liaotung Peninsula, including Port Arthur and Dairen,
    drawal of the Japanese forces. In I874, the Manchu
    and Weihaiwei port in Shantung. Under the Treaty
    government together with Japan signed a protocol
    Shimonoseki, signed on April I7, I895, China ceded to
    which included the acknowledgement of'the massacre
    Japan Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, and the Liao
    of Japanese subjects by the Taiwan people',and the
    tung Peninsula. Japan obtained the right to set up
    payment of 50 million of taels of silver to Japan ar
    factories on Chinese soil. China undertook to pay Japan
    172
    173

==========第88页==========
    an indemnity of 20 million taels of silver, Korea wasto become a Japanese protectorate. This forced czarist
    Railway to Dairen. Thus, Manchuria became Russia'ssphere of infuence.
    Russia to adopt a stand against Japan. Russia, Germany and france jointly served a warning on Japan,
    In the dismemberment of China, the British im
    forcing it to return Liaotung Peninsula to China. But
    perialists played an important role. In February 18o8
    China had to pay them an additional indemnitty of
    they forced the Manchu government to put the Yangtse
    3,000 million taels of silver
    Valley within the sphere of influence of Britain, andcupid Weihaiwei(May 1898) under the cover of
    Japan intensified expansion of its sphere of in
    and-lease
    fluence, thus creating the required conditions forsigning of a treaty of alliance between Russia and china
    france also obliged China to give up Kwang
    in 1896 to prevent aggression by Japan. Under this
    chow-wan(1898) for them to lease, and to give them
    treaty Russia had the right to build the Chinese North
    many privileges in Canton, Kwangsi and Yunnan. Thus
    ern Railway in Manchuria. Shortly after this, france
    the south China provinces became a French sphere
    won the right to invest in the building of the Yunnan
    of infiuence.
    Railway, and Germany in the Shantung Railway.
    66-In 1899, the Yi- Ho Tuan (Society of righteousness
    During these years the capitalist countries obliged China
    and Harmony) uprising occurred it had a popular
    to sign conventions which allowed them to build Io, ooo
    d anti-imperialist character. It was given the name
    kilometres of railroads on Chinese soil.
    Boxer Rebellion because the Yi-Ho Tuan Societies
    65-The end of the nineteenth century was marked by a
    Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists and
    fierce struggle among the imperialist countries for the
    Society of Righteousness and Harmony and Da-tsuan
    partition of Chinese soil, and the control of the finances
    Societies( Society of Strong Fists and Society of Big
    and main economic branches of china
    Rights) played the principal role inthis uprising.
    In November I897, Germany occupied Kiaochow
    In June I900, the Yi-Ro uan armed rebels
    Bay and the surrounding area. On March 6, I898,a
    occupied Tientsin and penetrated into the capital
    Sino-German treaty was signed providing for Kiaochow
    Peking. To avoid the people's anger, the Manchu
    to be leased to Germany for 99 years, and Shantung
    government pretended to support the uprising. The
    became Germany's sphere of influence.
    United States, Great Britain, Germany, Japan
    On March 27, I898, a Sino- Russian treaty was
    France, Italy, Austria, and Hungary intervened with
    signed, providing for China to cede Port Arthur and
    the aim of repressing the uprising and making a further
    Dairen to Russia for a period of 25 years, and giving
    step towards the enslavement of China. On June I7,
    Russia the right to build a branch of Chinese Northern
    I9oo the armed interventionists occupied Port Takunear Tientsin. The Manchu government played a
    174
    175

==========第89页==========
    treacherous role on the one hand it pretended todeclare war on the imperialist powers, on the other itsought every means to create difficulties for the revo-
    cancellation of the clauses concerning Shantung signed
    lutionary forces, and in fact it protected the foreign
    at the Versailles Conference and the abolition of fiscal
    invaders
    and cus toms autonomy, the rights territoriality,4 spheres of influence", etc. But on February 6, 1922,
    On August I5, I9oo the allied armed forces
    a Treaty of nine Powers was signed at this Conference,
    penetrated into Peking, the Manchu government left
    and the above-mentioned claims were rejected. The
    Peking, proclaimed its capitulation to the foreign
    Chinese delegation only succeeded in gaining the return
    powers,and co-operated with them to repress the
    of shantung and obtaining the cancellation of some of
    revolution. On September 7, I90I, the Manchu govern
    the clauses relating to the rights of japan in China.
    ment signed the"Final Protocol". Under its terms,
    n reality, the resolutions of the Washington Confer
    China was to pay a very big indemnity of 450 million
    were only imperialist schemes aimed at plundering
    taels of silver, The payment was to be met from
    China and repressing the national liberation movement
    customs revenues and the salt tax. The imperialists had
    of the Chinese people.
    the right to occupy the 12 most important cities of
    69- See note g0
    China. A legation district was established in Peking.
    7o- In order to put pressure on the Canton Government
    Juridically, the"Final Protocol" consolidated the
    led by Sun Yat-sen, and support the anti- revolutionary
    transformation of China into a semi-colony of the im
    forces of the comprador capitalists who were preparing
    aerialist countries.
    revolts against Sun Yat-sen, the American and British
    Under the pretext of the murder of two German
    governments, in September and October 1924, concen
    missionaries, Germany had the town and bay of kiao
    trated a big naval force in Canton
    chow leased to it by China in I897. It made of it a
    7I- Macdonald, Ramsay (1866-1937), leader of the
    naval station, a trading port and an arsenal. The
    Independent Labour Party and Labour Party i these
    Japanese seized the place in 19r4 and stayed there
    parties advocated collaboration between classes and the
    after the Versailles Treaty, notwithstanding China's
    so-called"gradual reform of socialism into capitalism
    protests. The whole territory was given back to China
    In I924 and J929-1935, Macdonald
    after the Washington Conference
    Prime Minister. In 193, a "national,, was British
    government
    67- See note 58.
    was formed by him, but in reality it was a conservative, Baldwin, who led it. He was expe
    68- At the Washington Conference(1921-1922) owing
    elled from the
    Labour Party. Macdonald was very active in the
    to pressure from the people struggling against imperia
    protection of British imperialism and in the introduc-
    lism, the Chinese delegation had to demand the
    tion of various reformist illusions into the British
    k
    work
    HCM-12

==========第90页==========
    defeat of the southern slave-owners and the victory of
    72-The“ Experts Plan"or“ Dawes Plan" was a plan
    the north
    which obliged Germany to pay a war indemnity. Its
    76- Freemasonry a mystically religious doctrine which
    principal aim was to restore the potential of the
    came into existence in Europe in the I8th century. The
    German war industry(the authorities of the imperialist
    Freemasons ware mainly aristocrats and representatives
    countries wanted to use it against the Soviet Union),
    of the big bourgeoisie. They advocated the moral impro
    and bring American capitalism into Europe. It was
    vement of man and unity among themselves on the
    worked out in 1924 by a Committee of Experts created
    basis of love of one's neighbour. Modern Freemasonry
    according to the resolution of the War Reparations
    Commission of the victorious countries. Banker Dawes,
    prevails mainly in the United States and is of a mostreactionary character
    director of the biggest bank in Chicago, and closelyconnected with the Morgan group, was the chairman
    7- In September I924, there broke out in China a civil
    of the commission
    war between the Chihli warlord clique headed by Wu
    Pei-fu and backed by Anglo-American imperialism,
    73- Conquistadors: Spanish conquerors of the fifteenth
    and sixteenth centuries who occupied immense areas in
    and the Fengtien clique ruled by Chang Tso-lin and
    Central and South America. They enslaved and exter
    supported by the Franco-Japanese imperialists. The
    minated the natives in a most barbarous way. The
    Chihli warlords were defeated and fled from north
    word" conquistador "has become a derogatory term to
    China and Peking.
    designate aggressors, slave-traders, etc
    78- Karakhan L M(I8go-1937), an outstanding Soviet
    74- Declaration of the Rights of Man, the political
    stateman. He was ambassador of the Soviet Union to
    manifesto of the French bourgeoisie, the declaration of
    China from 1923 to 1926.
    foundations of the new bourgeois regime. This
    79- In June 1924 in Canton the Vietnamese patriot Pham
    manifesto was drafted and adopted by the Constituent
    Hong Thai hurled a bomb at Merlin, the Governor
    Assembly on August 26, I789 during the Frrenc
    General of Indo-China. He sought to escape by crossing
    bourgeois revolution
    a river but was drowned. Merlins assassination and
    75- To defend and extend slavery, in I86I, the slave-owner
    Pham Hong Thais death-he has become a national
    planters organized a mutiny aimed at setting up a
    hero of the Vietnamese people- had a great repercus
    government supporting slavery, They declared the
    sion in Indo-China and other Asian countries
    secession of the southern federations from the United
    8o- In October I924, the Conservatives headed by baldwin
    States( February .86I)
    formed the government, replacing Macdonald's Labour
    In April I86r, the Civil War between the North
    government.
    and the South broke out. The war ended in I865 in the
    179
    178

==========第91页==========
    The new government carried out a policy of open
    leaders of the Second International. He actively
    reduction of the living standards of the masses and
    contributed to the armed intervention against the Soviet
    refused to ratify the Anglo-Soviet treaty signed in 1924.
    Union, and the implementation of the policy of splitting
    8r- The Indian Congress Party was founded in 1885 with
    the workers’ movement
    the object of fighting British rule. It united in its
    Henderson, Arthur (r863-1935, a leader of the
    ranks representatives of all classes and groups in Indian
    British Labour Party, Home Secretary(1924) and
    society: bourgeois, landlords, intellectuals and a section
    Foreign Minister in the second Government formed by
    of the toiling people. The Party's official ideology was
    the Labour Party the Macdonald Government
    the programme of 'non-violence which was set forth
    (1929-1931). He carried out a reactionary home and
    by Gandhi, the leader of the Congress. At present, the
    foreign policy.
    Congress Party is a bourgeois party leading the
    Blum Leon (1872-1950), a right wing socialist,
    Republic of India
    leader of the French Socialist Party, he was for many
    82- Swarajist(from the word"Swara]"meaning autonomy,
    years editor-in-chief of the newspaper Le Populaire
    independence). This was the party of a section of the
    which is the principal organ of the French Socialist
    Indian bourgeoisie, closely related with the landlords
    Party. After the"Front populaire had won in the
    and was set up in I923 within the Indian National
    I936 general elections, Blum headed the French Govern
    Congress. Although the struggle for independence of
    ment and carried out a policy of disrupting the
    India was mentioned in the Party's programme in
    Front Populaire"and frustrating the realization of
    practice, the Swarajists urged co-operation with the
    its political programme. Being a sworn enemy of
    British administration, expecting that India would be
    Communism and the U.S. S.R., Blum resorted to
    granted dominion status. It disintegrated during the
    every possible means to overthrow Marxism and propa
    upsurge of the revolution in India ( 1928-1933)
    gate the theories of "democratic socialism
    83
    On November I9, 1925 a group of terrorists killed
    86-Baldwin, Stanley(1867-1947) Leader of the British
    Lee Stack, Governor-General of Sudan. On this
    Conservative Party, a reactionary politician. He was
    pretext, the British gover nment exacted withdrawal of
    Prime Minister from 1923 to 1924, from 1924 to
    the Egyptian troops and administration from Sudan
    I929, and from 1935 to I937. He advocated a ruthless
    and abolition of the Anglo-Egyptian Agreement of
    colonial policy, and was one of the promoters of the
    January 1899 on the joint administration of Sudan,
    armed intervention against the Chinese revolution
    which was called condominium.
    from [924 to 1927. Baldwin led the suppression
    84- See note 7I
    of the general strike and of the miners'strike (1926).
    85- Vandervelde, Emile(1866-1938), a Social chauvinist,
    He maintained a most antagonistic attitude towards
    a leader of the Belgian Labour Party and one of the
    the U. S. S.R., proposed breaking off diplomatic
    181
    180

==========第92页==========
    relations with the U. S.S. R.(1927), and carried outa policy of encouraging the Italian and German
    go- Peasant International International Peasant Counci,
    aggressors,and of collusion with Hitler's Germany to
    set up in 1923 by the delegates of the revolutionary
    spearhead the German invasion of the U. S S. R
    peasant organizations in many countries.
    Chamberlain, Austen (1863-1937). A British
    9I- The Third Congress of the French Communist Party
    statesman, was Chancellor of the Exchequer, Foreign
    was held at Lyons in January I924. The main problem
    Minister, etc, in various Conservative Governments
    debated at the Congress was the question of ideological
    A sworn enemy of the Soviet Union, Chamberlain held
    struggle in the Party, its strengthening and the elimina
    that the essential goal of his policy was to isolate the
    tion of alien elements.
    Soviet Union and to found a bloc of big capitalist states
    92- Dai Nam: Name used for Viet Nam under feudal rule.
    directed against the Soviet Union. He supported the
    93- Eastern troops troops press-ganged by the imperialists
    revival of German militarism and wanted to use it to
    from among the various colonial peoples for the purpose
    provoke a war against the Soviet Union
    of repressing revolutionary movements in colonies and
    87- International Communist Youth, A non-party organ
    even in the Metropolitan countries themselves
    of world youth, functioning under the ideological and
    94- During World War I, the Czarist government sent an
    organizational guidance of the Communist International
    expeditionary corps to france. In rorz, its soldiers
    It was a branch of International Communism. The
    protested against the war for the defence of the interests
    International Communist Youth organization existed
    of the bourgeoisie. They set up Soviets and demanded
    from Ior to 19
    their repatriation. Fearing that the Russian soldiers
    88- The Fifth Congress of the Communist International
    revolutionary ideas might spread to the French army,
    was held in Moscow from June I7 to July 8, 1924
    the French High Command moved the Russian corps
    89-Manuilski, D Z.(1883-1959), an outstanding militant
    out of their positions and sent them to the lacourtine
    of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the Soviet
    concentration camp where they were surrounded by barbed
    State and the international communist and workers'
    wire and guarded by Senegalese and Touareg units. This
    movement. In 1924, he was a member of the Presi
    led to the disarming of the Russian corps.
    dium of the Executive Committee of the Communist
    95- The United General Confederation of Labour existed
    International. From 1928 to I943 he was Secretary of
    from 1922 to I936. In 192I, the reformist leaders of
    the Executive Committee of the Communist International
    the General Confederation of Labour openly expelled a
    At the Fifth Congress of the Communist International
    number of revolutionary trade unions embracing nearly
    he delivered a report on the national and colonial
    6o per cent of the members of the General Confederation
    questions.
    of labour. These revolutionary trade unions set up the
    United General Confederation of Labour and ceaselessly
    183

==========第93页==========
    struggled for the restoration of the unity of the tradeunions for the defence of the vital interests of the prole-tariat and, together with the French Communist Party,took part in the struggle against fascism and war. Thedevelopment of the movement for the unity of theworking class compelled the reformist leaders of the
    General Confederation of Labour to accept the proposalfor unification of the United General Confederation of
    Labour, and it was put into effect at the Toulouse
    Congress in 193(
    184

==========第94页==========