From 013c654b61cc8d04dd378cb9adebba5dfaedd292 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Igor Montagner Date: Mon, 9 Sep 2024 19:48:29 -0300 Subject: [PATCH] Deployed 5760b52 with MkDocs version: 1.6.0 --- 0-linguagem-C/malloc/index.html | 16 +- 1-arvores-intro/balance/index.html | 14 +- 1-arvores-intro/insert/index.html | 14 +- 1-arvores-intro/intro/index.html | 12 +- 1-arvores-intro/remove/index.html | 8 +- 2-grafos-componentes/componentes/index.html | 10 +- 2-grafos-componentes/intro/index.html | 14 +- 2-grafos-componentes/slides-intro.html | 211 +++++++++----------- 3-grafos-caminhos/bfs/index.html | 4 +- 3-grafos-caminhos/dijkstra/index.html | 6 +- 10 files changed, 143 insertions(+), 166 deletions(-) diff --git a/0-linguagem-C/malloc/index.html b/0-linguagem-C/malloc/index.html index 50e278a..f65f3b2 100644 --- a/0-linguagem-C/malloc/index.html +++ b/0-linguagem-C/malloc/index.html @@ -347,7 +347,7 @@

Exercícios básicos

}

Vamos começar analisando o código do programa antes de rodá-lo.

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Exercise 1

Analisando seu código-fonte, o que este programa faz?

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Exercícios básicos

Aloca um vetor, preenche com $0,1,...,n$ e imprime!

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Exercise 2

Na execução deste programa, o que acontece se malloc falhar?

@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@

Exercícios básicos

A função de alocação irá retornar NULL, mas nenhuma verificação está sendo feita.

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Exercise 3

O seu programa libera toda memória que aloca? Se não, aponte onde ele deveria fazer isto.

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Exercícios básicos

Tip 2

O terminal do VSCode é muito bom e podemos usá-lo para rodar todos os comandos dessa atividade.

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Exercise 4

Execute o programa. Ocorreu algum problema durante a execução?

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Exercícios básicos

A resposta aqui é provavelmente não. Porém, isso não significa que o programa está correto, apenas que se ocorreu um erro ele não foi suficientemente grave para finalizar o programa.

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Exercise 5

O comportamento de seu programa muda conforme N muda? Começe com N=10 e vá incrementando de um em um. Você consegue explicar por que? Discuta com seu grupo e valide sua resposta com o professor.

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Ferramentas de verificação de m #3 0x7f1f461bd284 in __libc_start_main_impl ../csu/libc-start.c:360 #4 0x5645bfb730e0 in _start (/home/coder/project/ex1+0x10e0)

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Exercise 9

Em qual linha o erro ocorre? O que a mensagem acima significa?

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Ferramentas de verificação de m #2 0x7f4a8df13284 in __libc_start_main_impl ../csu/libc-start.c:360 #3 0x559e63a320e0 in _start (/home/coder/project/ex1+0x10e0)

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Exercise 11

Em qual linha o erro ocorre? O que a mensagem acima significa?

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Ferramentas de verificação de m SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: 56 byte(s) leaked in 1 allocation(s).

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Exercise 13

Ela mostra algum problema? Se sim, qual linha de código é apontada? Qual é o problema diagnosticado por este aviso?

diff --git a/1-arvores-intro/balance/index.html b/1-arvores-intro/balance/index.html index 343ce95..9fdfe51 100644 --- a/1-arvores-intro/balance/index.html +++ b/1-arvores-intro/balance/index.html @@ -487,7 +487,7 @@

Balanceamento de árvores

n4 [shape=point] n5 [shape=point] }' />

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Exercise 5

Passe pelos nós da árvore em-ordem e coloque-os abaixo.

@@ -555,7 +555,7 @@

Balanceamento de árvores

Vamos agora inserir todos valores menores que a raiz. Aqui temos um problema: com 4 valores no array, não tem um que esteja exatamente no meio.

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Exercise 7

Vamos tentar então pegando o elemento à esquerda do meio: 10. Aplique a ideia recursivamente e liste abaixo a ordem ideal de inserção.

@@ -570,7 +570,7 @@

Balanceamento de árvores

10 1 20 30

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Exercise 8

Vamos tentar então pegando o elemento à direita do meio: 20. Aplique a ideia recursivamente e liste abaixo a ordem ideal de inserção.

@@ -585,7 +585,7 @@

Balanceamento de árvores

20 10 1 30

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Exercise 9

Agora desenhe as duas árvores dox exercícios anteriores e responda: faz diferença qual das opções escolhemos, em termos de balanceamento da árvore?

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Balanceamento de árvores

O processo pode ser repetido para os elementos maiores que a raiz para obter a ordem de inserção completa. Escreva ela abaixo.

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Exercise 10

A ordem de inserção completa para a árvore balanceada é:

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Balanceamento de árvores


Finalmente, escreva o algoritmo completo abaixo.

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Exercise 11

Escreva em pseudo-código um algoritmo TREE-TO-ARRAY(R) querecebe uma árvore R e devolve um array ordenado com os valores em R

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Balanceamento de árvores

Lousa

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Exercise 12

Escreva em pseudo-código um algoritmo REBALANCEIA(R) que recebe uma árovore enraizada em R e devolve uma nova árvore balanceada que tenha os mesmos valores que R

diff --git a/1-arvores-intro/insert/index.html b/1-arvores-intro/insert/index.html index 2cc9430..fc3b4e1 100644 --- a/1-arvores-intro/insert/index.html +++ b/1-arvores-intro/insert/index.html @@ -368,7 +368,7 @@

Inserção

Árvores com altura $h > 2$: Usar o argumento acima nos permite inserir em árvores de qualquer tamanho! Ou a inserção ocorreria em um espaço vazio (ou seja, um dos lados tem uma subárvore de altura 0) ou inserimos na subárvore correspondente (que tem altura $h-1$).

Exercitando e formalizando esse algoritmo

Vejamos alguns exemplos abaixo.

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Exercise 1

Em qual lugar o valor $27$ seria inserido na árvore abaixo?

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Exercitando e formalizando es

Na subárvore esquerda de $30$

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Exercise 2

Em qual lugar o valor $15$ seria inserido na árvore abaixo?

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Exercitando e formalizando es

Na subárvore direita de $13$

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Exercise 3

Em qual lugar o valor $7$ seria inserido na árvore abaixo?

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Exercitando e formalizando es

Na subárvore direita de $5$

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Exercise 4

Agora formalize o algoritmo insere(r, K) que aplicamos nos exemplos acima. Escreva um algoritmo iterativo nesta questão.

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Exercitando e formalizando es

Discutido no fim da aula

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Exercise 5

Agora formalize o algoritmo insere(r, K) que aplicamos nos exemplos acima. Escreva um algoritmo recursivo nesta questão.

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Exercitando e formalizando es

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Exercise 7

Qual ordem de inserção nos permitiria reconstruir a árvore abaixo?

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Exercitando e formalizando es

Discutido em sala.

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Exercise 8

Para a árvore acima, tente encontrar uma ordem de inserção que diminui a altura da árvore.

diff --git a/1-arvores-intro/intro/index.html b/1-arvores-intro/intro/index.html index 598b9dd..c5e137d 100644 --- a/1-arvores-intro/intro/index.html +++ b/1-arvores-intro/intro/index.html @@ -328,7 +328,7 @@

Buscando por elementos

null3 [shape=point] } '>

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Exercise 1

Busque na árvore acima pelo valor $7$. Escreva abaixo a decisão tomada em cada nó.

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Buscando por elementos

Nó 7 -> encontrou!

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Exercise 2

Busque na árvore acima pelo valor $3$. Escreva abaixo a decisão tomada em cada nó.

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Buscando por elementos

Fim da árvore! -> não encontrou

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Exercise 3

Busque na árvore acima pelo valor $23$. Escreva abaixo a decisão tomada em cada nó.

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Buscando por elementos

Fim da árvore! -> não encontrou

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Exercise 4

Escreva abaixo um algoritmo iterativo query(r, k) que busca pela chave $k$ na ABB enraizada em $r$. Se encontrar devolve VERDADEIRO.

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Buscando por elementos

Antes de prosseguir, volte nos exercícios acima e simule o seu algoritmo.

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Exercise 5

Faça agora uma versão recursiva. Veja que ela é muito mais sucinta que a anterior.

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Validar uma ABB

  • para checar a propriedade precisamos percorrer toda a subárvore esquerda e toda a subárvore direita.
  • Esses dois passos tem algo em comum: eles envolvem visitar todos os nós da árvore.

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    Exercise 9

    Escreva abaixo um rascunho de um algoritmo para visitar todos os nós de uma árvore.

    diff --git a/1-arvores-intro/remove/index.html b/1-arvores-intro/remove/index.html index 58d8a56..cea0025 100644 --- a/1-arvores-intro/remove/index.html +++ b/1-arvores-intro/remove/index.html @@ -440,7 +440,7 @@

    O caso complicado: nó tem dois fi

    Note que nos 3 casos o nó 10 desceu de nível na árvore. Ele inicia na raiz (nível 0) e desce para o nível 1 (nos casos 1 e 2) e nível 2 (no caso 3).

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    Exercise 2

    Em uma árvore com altura $h = 10$, qual é o número máximo de rotações necessárias para fazer um nó qualquer da árvore se tornar uma folha?

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    O caso complicado: nó tem dois fi
  • Na rotação à esquerda desceremos de nível a raiz $A$. Chamamos o elemento $B$ à direita de $A$ de pivô, já que ele será a nova raiz. A subárvore $\beta$ muda da direita de $B$ para a esquerda de $A$.
  • Na rotação à direita desceremos de nível a raiz $B$. Chamamos o elemento $A$ à esquerda de $B$ de pivô, já que ele será a nova raiz. A subárvore $\beta$ muda da esquerda de $A$ para a direita de $B$.
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    Exercise 3

    Escreva um algoritmo ROTACAO-DIREITA(R) que recebe um nó de uma ABB e devolve a nova raiz dessa subárvore depois de fazer uma rotação à direita. Simule seu algoritmo com o grafo abaixo e tentando rotacionar os elementos a seguir.

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    Algoritmo para remoção

    O algoritmo REMOVE

    Agora que já simulou o algoritmo algumas vezes está na hora de formalizá-lo.

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    Exercise 7

    Escreva um algoritmo REMOVE(R, K) que remove o nó K da árvore R, devolvendo uma nova raiz da árvore se necessário. Você pode supor que as seguintes funções existem:

    @@ -704,7 +704,7 @@

    O algoritmo REMOVE

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    Exercise 8

    Escreva um algoritmo recursivo REMOVE-RAIZ(R) que remove a raiz R da árvore e devolve a nova raiz. Use rotações para a direita como foi feito no exercício anterior.

    diff --git a/2-grafos-componentes/componentes/index.html b/2-grafos-componentes/componentes/index.html index ae0035f..ae7931c 100644 --- a/2-grafos-componentes/componentes/index.html +++ b/2-grafos-componentes/componentes/index.html @@ -445,7 +445,7 @@

    Componentes Conexos em Grafos

    Vamos exercitar nossa compreensão dessa definição com algumas questões teóricas.

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    Exercise 4

    Dado um grafo $G = (V, A), |V| > 0$, quais são os números mínimo e máximode componentes conexos?

    @@ -456,7 +456,7 @@

    Componentes Conexos em Grafos

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    Exercise 5

    O item 1 da definição só diz que o início e o fim do caminho tem que estar em $C$. É possível existir um caminho entre dois vértices em $C$ que contenha ao menos um vértice que não está em $C$?

    @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@

    Componentes Conexos em Grafos


    Um algoritmo simples para componentes conexas

    Em IA e TecProg já vimos um algoritmo que lembra muito a definição de Componente Conexo: Busca em Profundidade (DFS)! Como sempre, vamos começar simulando essa ideia para entender como o algoritmo pode ajudar.

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    Exercise 6

    Dado o grafo abaixo, comece uma DFS a partir do vértice D e numere os vértices de acordo com quando eles forem visitados.

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    Um algoritmo simples para

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    Exercise 7

    Dado o grafo abaixo, comece uma DFS a partir do vértice D e numere os vértices de acordo com quando eles forem visitados.

    @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@

    Um algoritmo simples para
  • todos algoritmos da ADT Array que já usamos em TecProg.
  • Com isso já temos o necessário para criar nosso algoritmo. Vamos tentar?

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    Exercise 8

    Escreva o algoritmo IDENTIFICA-COMPONENTES(G) abaixo. Você pode criar uma subrotina separada para a parte recursiva se achar conveniente.

    diff --git a/2-grafos-componentes/intro/index.html b/2-grafos-componentes/intro/index.html index d8dc4ff..2dc3201 100644 --- a/2-grafos-componentes/intro/index.html +++ b/2-grafos-componentes/intro/index.html @@ -527,7 +527,7 @@

    Problema 1 - redes sociais

  • toda vez que um usuário curte um post
  • Vamos usar grafos para resolver este problema.

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    Exercise 5

    Em nosso grafo, o que seriam os vértices?

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    Problema 1 - redes sociais

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    Exercise 6

    Em nosso grafo, qual relação arestas entre dois vértices representa?

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    Problema 1 - redes sociais

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    Exercise 7

    O grafo é direcionado? As arestas tem peso?

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    Representação computacional

    Usuário 9 gostou do post #6 Usuário 8 gostou do post #6
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    Exercise 8

    Com base nas perguntas da seção anterior, escreva abaixo a matriz de adjacências que representa a situação acima

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    Representação computacional

    Conseguimos tirar diversas informações interessantes diretamente da matriz de adjacências. Responda às questões abaixo:

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    Exercise 9

    Como saber quais usuários postaram algo que foi curtido?

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    Representação computacional

    É só procurar na sua coluna correspondente. Como arestas saem da linha i e chegam na coluna j, se tiver algum elemento na coluna j diferente de 0 então aquele usuário postou algo que foi curtido.

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    Exercise 10

    Como encontrar o usuário com maior número de posts curtidos?

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    Representação computacional

    Será o usuário com a coluna de maior soma = vértice de maior grau de entrada

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    Exercise 11

    Como encontrar o usuário que mais curtiu posts?

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    /*!

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:is(h5,marp-h5)::part(auto-scaling),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h6,marp-h6)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:563px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section hr{height:0;padding-top:.25em}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre){border:1px solid var(--color-border-default);line-height:1.15;overflow:visible}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre)::part(auto-scaling){max-height:529px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-doctag),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-keyword),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta .hljs-keyword),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-template-tag),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-template-variable),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-type),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable.language_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-keyword)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.class_.inherited__),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-title.function_){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attr),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-attribute),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-literal),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-number),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-operator),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-attr),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-class),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-id),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-variable){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-constant)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-meta .hljs-string),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-regexp),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-string){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-string)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-built_in),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-symbol){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-variable)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-code),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-comment),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-formula){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-comment)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-name),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-quote),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-pseudo),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-selector-tag){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-entity-tag)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-subst){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-storage-modifier-import)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-section){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-heading);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-bullet){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-list)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-emphasis){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-italic);font-style:italic}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-strong){color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-bold);font-weight:700}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-addition){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-inserted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre) :where(.hljs-deletion){background-color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-bg);color:var(--color-prettylights-syntax-markup-deleted-text)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section footer,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section header{color:var(--header-footer-color);font-size:18px;left:30px;margin:0;position:absolute}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section header{top:21px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section footer{bottom:21px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{--h1-color:#246;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,40%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#48c;--paginate-color:#777;align-items:stretch;display:flex;flex-flow:column nowrap;font-size:29px;height:720px;justify-content:center;padding:78.5px;width:1280px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section{--marpit-root-font-size:29px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:where(.invert){--h1-color:#cee7ff;--header-footer-color:hsla(0,0%,60%,.75);--heading-strong-color:#7bf;--paginate-color:#999}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>:last-child,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-footer]>:nth-last-child(2){margin-bottom:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>:first-child,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section>header:first-child+*{margin-top:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:21px;color:var(--paginate-color);font-size:24px;padding:0;position:absolute;right:30px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section:after{--marpit-root-font-size:24px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h1,marp-h1),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h2,marp-h2),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h3,marp-h3),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h4,marp-h4),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h5,marp-h5),div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-color] :is(h6,marp-h6){color:currentcolor}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]{columns:initial!important;display:block!important;padding:0!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]:before,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:after,div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content]:before{display:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{all:initial;display:flex;flex-direction:row;height:100%;overflow:hidden;width:100%}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container][data-marpit-advanced-background-direction=vertical]{flex-direction:column}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{width:var(--marpit-advanced-background-split,50%)}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background][data-marpit-advanced-background-split=right]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]{margin-left:calc(100% - var(--marpit-advanced-background-split, 50%))}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]>figure{all:initial;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;flex:auto;margin:0}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=background]>div[data-marpit-advanced-background-container]>figure>figcaption{position:absolute;border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;white-space:nowrap;width:1px}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=content],div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{background:transparent!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo],div#\:\$p>svg[data-marpit-svg]>foreignObject[data-marpit-advanced-background=pseudo]{pointer-events:none!important}div#\:\$p>svg>foreignObject>section[data-marpit-advanced-background-split]{width:100%;height:100%}
    +

    Grafos e Árvores

    +

    Introdução a grafos

    +
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +

    Enchentes em Heliópolis

      -
    • Marp default theme.
    • -
    • -
    • @theme default
    • -
    • @author Yuki Hattori
    • -
    • -
    • @auto-scaling true
    • -
    • @size 16:9 1280px 720px
    • -
    • @size 4:3 960px 720px
      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0 0 0-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0z"/></svg>');mask-image:url('data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7.775 3.275a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 1.06l1.25-1.25a2 2 0 1 1 2.83 2.83l-2.5 2.5a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 0l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95-4.95l-1.25 1.25zm-4.69 9.64a2 2 0 0 1 0-2.83l2.5-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2.83 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.06-1.06 3.5 3.5 0 0 0-4.95 0l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.95 4.95l1.25-1.25a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06l-1.25 1.25a2 2 0 0 1-2.83 0z"/></svg>');width:16px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section details,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section figcaption,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section figure{display:block}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section summary{display:list-item}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section [hidden]{display:none!important}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section a{background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-accent-fg);text-decoration:none}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section a:active,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section a:hover{outline-width:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section abbr[title]{border-bottom:none;-webkit-text-decoration:underline dotted;text-decoration:underline dotted}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section b,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section strong{font-weight:600}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section dfn{font-style:italic}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1){border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-border-muted);font-size:2em;font-weight:600;margin:.67em 0;padding-bottom:.3em}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section mark{background-color:var(--color-attention-subtle);color:var(--color-text-primary)}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section small{font-size:90%}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section sub,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section sub{bottom:-.25em}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section sup{top:-.5em}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section img{background-color:var(--color-canvas-default);border-style:none;box-sizing:content-box;max-width:100%}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section :is(pre,marp-pre),div#p>svg>foreignObject>section code,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section kbd,div#p>svg>foreignObject>section samp{font-family:monospace,monospace;font-size:1em}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section figure{margin:1em 40px}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section hr{background:transparent;background-color:var(--color-border-default);border:0;box-sizing:content-box;height:.25em;margin:24px 0;overflow:hidden;padding:0}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section input{font:inherit;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;margin:0;overflow:visible}div#p>svg>foreignObject>section 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slide">Next slide</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="fullscreen" tabindex="-1" title="Toggle fullscreen (f)">Toggle fullscreen</button><button data-bespoke-marp-osc="presenter" tabindex="-1" title="Open presenter view (p)">Open presenter view</button></div><div id="p"><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="1">
    • +
    • Alguma área está isolada do resto da comunidade?
    • +
    • Como sair de sua casa até um destino?
    • +
    • Qual o mínimo de intervenções necessárias para que todos pontos isolados sejam restaurados?
    -<h1>Grafos e Árvores</h1> -<h2>Introdução a grafos</h2> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="2"> -<p><img src="mapa.png" alt="" /></p> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="3"> -<h1>Enchentes em Heliópolis</h1> -<ul> -<li>Alguma área está isolada do resto da comunidade?</li> -<li>Como sair de sua casa até um destino?</li> -<li>Qual o mínimo de intervenções necessárias para que todos pontos isolados sejam restaurados?</li> -</ul> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="4"> -<h1>Como representar esse mapa?</h1> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="5"> -<p><img src="grafo.png" alt="" /></p> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="6"> -<h1>Grafo</h1> -<ul> -<li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="11.303ex" height="1.731ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 4995.9 765"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D449" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 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447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> -<ul> -<li>conjunto de arestas (<em>edges</em>)</li> -<li>sai de <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.294ex" height="1.025ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -442 572 453"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D465" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> e chega em <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.464ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.109ex" height="1.464ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -442 490 647"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D466" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></li> -</ul> -</li> -</ul> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="7"> -<h1>E o mapa?</h1> -<h2>Alguma área está isolada do resto da comunidade?</h2> -<ol> -<li>o que cada vértice do grafo representa?</li> -<li>qual relação entre vértices uma aresta representa?</li> -<li>essa relação tem direção ou é sempre simétrica?</li> -<li>essa relação tem pesos/preferências ou todas arestas são equivalentes?</li> -</ol> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="8"> -<h1>Tipos de grafos</h1> -<ol> -<li>simetria: -<ul> -<li>não direcionado: associações são sempre bi-direcionais (<mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.462ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17.946ex" height="2ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -680 7932 884"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D456" d="M184 600Q184 624 203 642T247 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Isso <strong>não deve ocorrer nos problemas desta disciplina</strong>.</p> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="9"> -<h1>Outros exemplos</h1> -<ul> -<li>dependência entre partes de produção</li> -<li>traçar caminhos em um mapa</li> -<li>conectar cidades com mínimo de ligações</li> -<li>criação de agrupamentos ou equipes</li> -</ul> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10"> -<h1>Representação computacional</h1> -<p><strong>Representação formal</strong>:</p> -<ul> -<li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.186ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="11.303ex" height="1.731ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 4995.9 765"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g 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46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q146 66 215 342T285 622Q285 629 281 629Q273 632 228 634H197Q191 640 191 642T193 659Q197 676 203 680H757Q764 676 764 669Q764 664 751 557T737 447Q735 440 717 440H705Q698 445 698 453L701 476Q704 500 704 528Q704 558 697 578T678 609T643 625T596 632T532 634H485Q397 633 392 631Q388 629 386 622Q385 619 355 499T324 377Q347 376 372 376H398Q464 376 489 391T534 472Q538 488 540 490T557 493Q562 493 565 493T570 492T572 491T574 487T577 483L544 351Q511 218 508 216Q505 213 492 213Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1041.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD" transform="translate(2097.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(389,0)"><path data-c="1D465" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(961,0)"><path data-c="2C" d="M78 35T78 60T94 103T137 121Q165 121 187 96T210 8Q210 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680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(6060.9,0)"><path data-c="3B" d="M78 370Q78 394 95 412T138 430Q162 430 180 414T199 371Q199 346 182 328T139 310T96 327T78 370ZM78 60Q78 85 94 103T137 121Q202 121 202 8Q202 -44 183 -94T144 -169T118 -194Q115 -194 106 -186T95 -174Q94 -171 107 -155T137 -107T160 -38Q161 -32 162 -22T165 -4T165 4Q165 5 161 4T142 0Q110 0 94 18T78 60Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(6505.6,0)"><path data-c="1D465" d="M52 289Q59 331 106 386T222 442Q257 442 286 424T329 379Q371 442 430 442Q467 442 494 420T522 361Q522 332 508 314T481 292T458 288Q439 288 427 299T415 328Q415 374 465 391Q454 404 425 404Q412 404 406 402Q368 386 350 336Q290 115 290 78Q290 50 306 38T341 26Q378 26 414 59T463 140Q466 150 469 151T485 153H489Q504 153 504 145Q504 144 502 134Q486 77 440 33T333 -11Q263 -11 227 52Q186 -10 133 -10H127Q78 -10 57 16T35 71Q35 103 54 123T99 143Q142 143 142 101Q142 81 130 66T107 46T94 41L91 40Q91 39 97 36T113 29T132 26Q168 26 194 71Q203 87 217 139T245 247T261 313Q266 340 266 352Q266 380 251 392T217 404Q177 404 142 372T93 290Q91 281 88 280T72 278H58Q52 284 52 289Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(7355.3,0)"><path data-c="2260" d="M166 -215T159 -215T147 -212T141 -204T139 -197Q139 -190 144 -183L306 133H70Q56 140 56 153Q56 168 72 173H327L406 327H72Q56 332 56 347Q56 360 70 367H426Q597 702 602 707Q605 716 618 716Q625 716 630 712T636 703T638 696Q638 692 471 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L451 327L371 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H351Q175 -210 170 -212Q166 -215 159 -215Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(8411.1,0)"><path data-c="1D466" d="M21 287Q21 301 36 335T84 406T158 442Q199 442 224 419T250 355Q248 336 247 334Q247 331 231 288T198 191T182 105Q182 62 196 45T238 27Q261 27 281 38T312 61T339 94Q339 95 344 114T358 173T377 247Q415 397 419 404Q432 431 462 431Q475 431 483 424T494 412T496 403Q496 390 447 193T391 -23Q363 -106 294 -155T156 -205Q111 -205 77 -183T43 -117Q43 -95 50 -80T69 -58T89 -48T106 -45Q150 -45 150 -87Q150 -107 138 -122T115 -142T102 -147L99 -148Q101 -153 118 -160T152 -167H160Q177 -167 186 -165Q219 -156 247 -127T290 -65T313 -9T321 21L315 17Q309 13 296 6T270 -6Q250 -11 231 -11Q185 -11 150 11T104 82Q103 89 103 113Q103 170 138 262T173 379Q173 380 173 381Q173 390 173 393T169 400T158 404H154Q131 404 112 385T82 344T65 302T57 280Q55 278 41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></li> -</ul> -<p>Como transformar em uma representação <strong>computacional</strong> eficiente?</p> -</section> -</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="11"> -<h1>Representação computacional</h1> -<ul> -<li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.05ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.74ex" height="1.595ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 769 705"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D449" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> pode ser representado só pelos números mesmo. Só preciso guardar <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.564ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="8.795ex" height="2.26ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -749.5 3887.5 999"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(278,0)"><path data-c="1D449" d="M52 648Q52 670 65 683H76Q118 680 181 680Q299 680 320 683H330Q336 677 336 674T334 656Q329 641 325 637H304Q282 635 274 635Q245 630 242 620Q242 618 271 369T301 118L374 235Q447 352 520 471T595 594Q599 601 599 609Q599 633 555 637Q537 637 537 648Q537 649 539 661Q542 675 545 679T558 683Q560 683 570 683T604 682T668 681Q737 681 755 683H762Q769 676 769 672Q769 655 760 640Q757 637 743 637Q730 636 719 635T698 630T682 623T670 615T660 608T652 599T645 592L452 282Q272 -9 266 -16Q263 -18 259 -21L241 -22H234Q216 -22 216 -15Q213 -9 177 305Q139 623 138 626Q133 637 76 637H59Q52 642 52 648Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1047,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1602.8,0)"><path data-c="3D" d="M56 347Q56 360 70 367H707Q722 359 722 347Q722 336 708 328L390 327H72Q56 332 56 347ZM56 153Q56 168 72 173H708Q722 163 722 153Q722 140 707 133H70Q56 140 56 153Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(2658.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D441" d="M234 637Q231 637 226 637Q201 637 196 638T191 649Q191 676 202 682Q204 683 299 683Q376 683 387 683T401 677Q612 181 616 168L670 381Q723 592 723 606Q723 633 659 637Q635 637 635 648Q635 650 637 660Q641 676 643 679T653 683Q656 683 684 682T767 680Q817 680 843 681T873 682Q888 682 888 672Q888 650 880 642Q878 637 858 637Q787 633 769 597L620 7Q618 0 599 0Q585 0 582 2Q579 5 453 305L326 604L261 344Q196 88 196 79Q201 46 268 46H278Q284 41 284 38T282 19Q278 6 272 0H259Q228 2 151 2Q123 2 100 2T63 2T46 1Q31 1 31 10Q31 14 34 26T39 40Q41 46 62 46Q130 49 150 85Q154 91 221 362L289 634Q287 635 234 637Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(836,-150) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="1D463" d="M173 380Q173 405 154 405Q130 405 104 376T61 287Q60 286 59 284T58 281T56 279T53 278T49 278T41 278H27Q21 284 21 287Q21 294 29 316T53 368T97 419T160 441Q202 441 225 417T249 361Q249 344 246 335Q246 329 231 291T200 202T182 113Q182 86 187 69Q200 26 250 26Q287 26 319 60T369 139T398 222T409 277Q409 300 401 317T383 343T365 361T357 383Q357 405 376 424T417 443Q436 443 451 425T467 367Q467 340 455 284T418 159T347 40T241 -11Q177 -11 139 22Q102 54 102 117Q102 148 110 181T151 298Q173 362 173 380Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></li> -<li><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.729ex" height="1.538ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -680 764 680"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D438" d="M492 213Q472 213 472 226Q472 230 477 250T482 285Q482 316 461 323T364 330H312Q311 328 277 192T243 52Q243 48 254 48T334 46Q428 46 458 48T518 61Q567 77 599 117T670 248Q680 270 683 272Q690 274 698 274Q718 274 718 261Q613 7 608 2Q605 0 322 0H133Q31 0 31 11Q31 13 34 25Q38 41 42 43T65 46Q92 46 125 49Q139 52 144 61Q146 66 215 342T285 622Q285 629 281 629Q273 632 228 634H197Q191 640 191 642T193 659Q197 676 203 680H757Q764 676 764 669Q764 664 751 557T737 447Q735 440 717 440H705Q698 445 698 453L701 476Q704 500 704 528Q704 558 697 578T678 609T643 625T596 632T532 634H485Q397 633 392 631Q388 629 386 622Q385 619 355 499T324 377Q347 376 372 376H398Q464 376 489 391T534 472Q538 488 540 490T557 493Q562 493 565 493T570 492T572 491T574 487T577 483L544 351Q511 218 508 216Q505 213 492 213Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> pode ser representado como uma matriz <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.697ex" height="1.62ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -716 750 716"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D434" d="M208 74Q208 50 254 46Q272 46 272 35Q272 34 270 22Q267 8 264 4T251 0Q249 0 239 0T205 1T141 2Q70 2 50 0H42Q35 7 35 11Q37 38 48 46H62Q132 49 164 96Q170 102 345 401T523 704Q530 716 547 716H555H572Q578 707 578 706L606 383Q634 60 636 57Q641 46 701 46Q726 46 726 36Q726 34 723 22Q720 7 718 4T704 0Q701 0 690 0T651 1T578 2Q484 2 455 0H443Q437 6 437 9T439 27Q443 40 445 43L449 46H469Q523 49 533 63L521 213H283L249 155Q208 86 208 74ZM516 260Q516 271 504 416T490 562L463 519Q447 492 400 412L310 260L413 259Q516 259 516 260Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> quadrada com <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.357ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.78ex" height="1.902ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -683 1228.9 840.8"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msub"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D441" d="M234 637Q231 637 226 637Q201 637 196 638T191 649Q191 676 202 682Q204 683 299 683Q376 683 387 683T401 677Q612 181 616 168L670 381Q723 592 723 606Q723 633 659 637Q635 637 635 648Q635 650 637 660Q641 676 643 679T653 683Q656 683 684 682T767 680Q817 680 843 681T873 682Q888 682 888 672Q888 650 880 642Q878 637 858 637Q787 633 769 597L620 7Q618 0 599 0Q585 0 582 2Q579 5 453 305L326 604L261 344Q196 88 196 79Q201 46 268 46H278Q284 41 284 38T282 19Q278 6 272 0H259Q228 2 151 2Q123 2 100 2T63 2T46 1Q31 1 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data-variant="normal" transform="translate(4619,0) scale(1,-1)" font-size="884px" font-family="serif">á</text><path data-c="72" d="M36 46H50Q89 46 97 60V68Q97 77 97 91T98 122T98 161T98 203Q98 234 98 269T98 328L97 351Q94 370 83 376T38 385H20V408Q20 431 22 431L32 432Q42 433 60 434T96 436Q112 437 131 438T160 441T171 442H174V373Q213 441 271 441H277Q322 441 343 419T364 373Q364 352 351 337T313 322Q288 322 276 338T263 372Q263 381 265 388T270 400T273 405Q271 407 250 401Q234 393 226 386Q179 341 179 207V154Q179 141 179 127T179 101T180 81T180 66V61Q181 59 183 57T188 54T193 51T200 49T207 48T216 47T225 47T235 46T245 46H276V0H267Q249 3 140 3Q37 3 28 0H20V46H36Z" transform="translate(5219,0)"></path><path data-c="69" d="M69 609Q69 637 87 653T131 669Q154 667 171 652T188 609Q188 579 171 564T129 549Q104 549 87 564T69 609ZM247 0Q232 3 143 3Q132 3 106 3T56 1L34 0H26V46H42Q70 46 91 49Q100 53 102 60T104 102V205V293Q104 345 102 359T88 378Q74 385 41 385H30V408Q30 431 32 431L42 432Q52 433 70 434T106 436Q123 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    + +
    +

    Como representar esse mapa?

    +
    +
    +

    +
    +
    +

    Grafo

    +
      +
    • - conjunto de vértices
    • +
    • +
        +
      • conjunto de arestas (edges)
      • +
      • sai de e chega em
      • +
      +
    • +
    +
    +
    +

    E o mapa?

    +

    Alguma área está isolada do resto da comunidade?

    +
      +
    1. o que cada vértice do grafo representa?
    2. +
    3. qual relação entre vértices uma aresta representa?
    4. +
    5. essa relação tem direção ou é sempre simétrica?
    6. +
    7. essa relação tem pesos/preferências ou todas arestas são equivalentes?
    8. +
    +
    +
    +

    Tipos de grafos

    +
      +
    1. simetria: +
        +
      • não direcionado: associações são sempre bi-direcionais ()
      • +
      • direcionado: associações podem ou não ser bi-direcionais
      • +
      +
    2. +
    3. pesos: +
        +
      • arestas são todas equivalente
      • +
      • cada aresta tem um número real associado a ela
      • +
      +
    4. +
    +

    Em alguns problema específicos podem ser permitidos loops () ou mais de uma aresta por par de vértices. Isso não deve ocorrer nos problemas desta disciplina.

    +
    +
    +

    Outros exemplos

    +
      +
    • dependência entre partes de produção
    • +
    • traçar caminhos em um mapa
    • +
    • conectar cidades com mínimo de ligações
    • +
    • criação de agrupamentos ou equipes
    • +
    +
    +
    +

    Representação computacional

    +

    Representação formal:

    +
      +
    • +
    • +
    +

    Como transformar em uma representação computacional eficiente?

    +
    +
    +

    Representação computacional

    +
      +
    • pode ser representado só pelos números mesmo. Só preciso guardar
    • +
    • pode ser representado como uma matriz quadrada com linhas e colunas
    • +
    +

    á

    +
    +

    Representação computacional

    +
      +
    • quantas arestas chegam no vértice ?
    • +
    • quantas arestas saem no vértice ?
    • +
    • como é a matriz se o grafo for não direcionado?
    • +
    • e se tiver pesos?
    • +
    +
    \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/3-grafos-caminhos/bfs/index.html b/3-grafos-caminhos/bfs/index.html index 95afb5d..09e583b 100644 --- a/3-grafos-caminhos/bfs/index.html +++ b/3-grafos-caminhos/bfs/index.html @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@

    Grafo 1

    D --- E E --- F

    -
    +

    Exercise 1

    Use o campo abaixo para anotações sobre esta simulação.

    @@ -288,7 +288,7 @@

    Grafo 2

    E --- F F --- G

    -
    +

    Exercise 2

    Use o campo abaixo para anotações sobre esta simulação.

    diff --git a/3-grafos-caminhos/dijkstra/index.html b/3-grafos-caminhos/dijkstra/index.html index 523f4be..c66aa86 100644 --- a/3-grafos-caminhos/dijkstra/index.html +++ b/3-grafos-caminhos/dijkstra/index.html @@ -382,7 +382,7 @@

    Simulações: grafos com pesos

    Min-heap

    -
    +

    Exercise 7

    Escreva a representação em array do heap abaixo

    @@ -409,7 +409,7 @@

    Min-heap

    1 5 9 10 44 11 44 13 55 46

    -
    +

    Exercise 8

    Execute MENOR no heap abaixo e escreva sua representação em array.

    @@ -436,7 +436,7 @@

    Min-heap

    5 10 9 13 44 11 44 46 55

    -
    +

    Exercise 9

    Execute INSERE(3) no heap abaixo e escreva sua representação em array.